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TITXTSVILLE 421 TOAD Central and Pennsylvania railroads; 18 miles N. of Oil City. Here are a public library, high school, waterworks, electric lights, churches. National and State banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The first petroleum well in the United States was opened in the suburbs of the city in 1859, and since then the principal industry has been the production of oil. The city also has manufactories of soap, silk goods, radia- tors, chairs and furniture, engines, boil- ers, steel and iron forgings, oil-well drill- ing tools, etc. Pop. (1910), 8,533; (1920), 8,432. TIUMEN, a town in Western Siberia; at the confluence of the Tjumenka with the Tura, a tributary of the Tobol ; 138 miles S W. of Tobolsk. It is regularly built (chiefly of wood), has 10 stone churches, a mosque, etc. There are manufactures of soap, tallow candles, and textile fab- rics, bell and iron foundries, potteries, and shoemaking. Tiumen is also a great center of transit traffic — boats coming here from the Obi, Irtish, Tobol, and Tura, and unshipping goods for the W. and S. A great market is held here in January. Pop. about 35,000. TIVERTON, a town in N. Devon, England; 18 miles N. of Exeter; on the slope of a hill above the confluence of the Exe and Loman, from whose two fords it derives its Old English name of Twy-ford-ton. The chief of its three churches, St. Peter's (136 feet long by 82 feet wide, with a tower 110 feet high), dates from 1073, but was partly rebuilt in the 16th and was thoroughly restored in the 19th century. Other edifices are the town hall (1864), in late Venetian style, with a tower of 80 feet, a market house (1830), and the grammar school ("free" in name but not in fact), which, founded by Peter Blundel in 1604, and familiar to every reader of Blackmore's "Lorna Doone," has given place to a mod- ern structure. The historic building, how- ever, will remain intact. The cloth trade has declined since the 17th century, and lace making is now the leading industry. Pop. (1901) 10,382. TIVOLI, an old Roman town in Italy, in the province of Rome; beautifully sit- uated on the left bank of the Teverone; 17 miles E. N. E. of Rome. It is inter- esting from the number of antiquities it contains, the most remarkable of which are the remains of the temples of Vesta and the Sibyl, and the villas of Msece- nas and Hadrian. Near the town is the Villa d'Este, erected in 1549. In 1826 a serious inundation destroyed many houses, and in consequence a new chan- nel was formed for a part of the waters of the river, by the construction of two shafts through the limestone rock of Monte Catillo, 870 feet and 990 feet long respectively. In 1834 this new channel was opened by Folchi in the presence of Pope Gregory XVI., and a new waterfall Was thus formed 330 feet high. Pop. about 15,000. TLAXCALA (tlas-ka'la), the smallest State of Mexico; on the plateau of Ana- huac; nearly surrounded by Puebla, and touching Mexico State on the W. ; area 1,534 square miles. Pop. 1919, 192,000. In Aztec days Tlaxcala was the seat of an independent republic, which survived for a time under the protection of the Spaniards. The capital, Tlaxcala, stands 7,300 feet above the sea, and has some manufactures of woolens. TLEMCEN, a town in the province of Oran, Algeria; 88 miles S. W. of Oran, with which it is connected by railway. It occupies the site of the Roman city of Pomaria, and under the Moors, in the 12th and 13th centuries, was a place of great importance, with a pop. of nearly 150,000. It stands on the N. slope of a steep mountain, at a height of 2,500 feet, in the midst of a well-irrigated and richly cultivated country, which espe- cially abounds in fruit trees. The chief exports are olive oil, dried fruit, corn, wool, sheep and cattle, dressed alfa cloths, carpets, and leather goods. It has 23 mosques, two of which are fine specimens of Moorish architecture. Pop. about 28,000. TOAD, in zoology, the popular name of any species of the family Bufonidse, which is almost universally distributed, TOAD but is rare in the Australian region, one species being found in Celebes and one in Australia. Three species are Eu- ropean; the common toad (fi. vulgaris) and the natterjack {B. calamita), and B. variabilis. The common American spe- cies is B. lentiginosus, and is more active