Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/500

TOPAZ 438 TORGATT deep yellow tints; those from Siberia have a bluish tinge; the Saxon topazes are of a pale wine-yellow, and those found in the Scotch Highlands are of a sky-blue color. The purest from Brazil, when cut in facets, closely resemble the diamond in luster and brilliance. TOPEKA, a city of Kansas, the county seat of Shawnee co. It is on the Kan- sas river and the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe, the Leavenwoi-th and Topeka, and the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pa- cific railroads. It has an area of about 16 square miles. The city is laid out in unusually attractive lines and the streets are adorned with beautiful shade trees. The notable buildings include the State Capitol, the Kansas Memorial Building, public library. United States Govern- ment building. State Museum, county court house, city hill and an auditorium. It is the seat of Washington College, and also has a State insane asylum and a State reform school, as well as many im- portant local and charitable institutions. The industries are chiefly those connect- ed with the Santa Fe Railroad shops. There are also manufactures of machin- ery, lumber, boilers, woolen goods, etc. There is a considerable wholesale job- bing business. Topeka was founded in 1854 by eastern anti-slavery men fol- lowing the passage of the Kansas-Ne- braska Bill. In 1856 an antislavery con- vention adopted the Topeka Constitution and the Topeka Government was estab- lished. This, however, was soon broken up by United States troops. In 1857 it was chartered as a city and in 1861 be- came the capital of the State. Pop. (1910), 43,684; (1920), 50,022. TOPHET, in Scripture, a place in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem, consid- ered by Milton to be identical with the valley of Hinnom, but described in Scrip- ture as in that valley (II Kings xxiii: 10; Jer. vii: 31). It was S. E. of Jeru- salem (Jer. xix: 2), and has been pre- pared of old for some king of Israel, or for Moloch (Isa. xxx: 33). What- ever its primary design, "high places" were erected there, and it became the chief seat of the worship of Moloch in Palestine (II Kings xxiii: 10; Jer. vii: 31) ; Josiah not merely stopped that cruel form of idolatry, but defiled the place (II Kings xxiii: 10; Jer. xix: 13), apparently by making it the receptacle of the filth of the capital. It became a burial ground ultimately overcrowded with bodies (Jer. vii: 31, 32; xix: 6, 11). TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTA- GUE, an English theologian and hymnol- ogist; born in Farnham, Surrey, Eng- land, Nov. 4, 1740; was educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Dub- lin. After holding a curacy for some years in Somersetshire, he was presented in 1768 to the vicarage of Broadhem- bury, Devonshire. His works were pub- lished in six volumes in 1825; new edi- tion in one volume, 1837, with a mem- oir. Though a voluminous writer — and a strenuous defender of Calvinism against John Wesley — Toplady is now hardly known except as the author of the hymn "Rock of Ages," one of the most exquisite expressions of evangelical faith and fervor to be found within the compass of the English tongue. A Lat- in version by Mr. Gladstone "Trans- lations by Lord Lyttleton and the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone," 1861) has added fresh beauty to the original. He died in London, Aug. 11, 1778. TOUBERT, ALFBED THOMAS ARCHIMEDES, an American military officer; born in Georgetown, Del., July 1, 1833; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1855; spent five years on frontier duty in Texas, Florida, New Mexico and Utah. In the latter half of 1862 he won distinction in the battles of Manassas and Crampton's Gap ; was made Brigadier-General of vol- unteers on Nov. 29, of that year. He afterward took part at Gettysburg, Rap- pahannock Station, Matadequin Creek, etc. He captured Cold Harbor on May 31, 1864. He particularly distinguished himself on Sept. 19, 1864, routing the enemy at Winchester, and on Oct. 9 won the cavalry battle at Tom's river. On Dec. 22 and 23 he had command at Liberty Mills and Gordonsville. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Major- General, U. S. A., for gallantry during the war. He served as consul-general to Paris in 1873-1878. He was drowned Sept. 30, 1880, while a passenger on the steamer "Vera Cruz." TORCELLO, a small island in the Lagoon of Venice, 6 miles above that city. It was a place of some impor- tance in the 10th and 11th centuries. It contains an ancient Byzantine cathedral of Santa Maria, and a church of Santa Fosca, both of which are beautiful speci- mens of architecture and are rich in interior decorations. TORCH LAKE, a lake lying chiefly in Antrim co., Mich.; and separated from the E. side of Grand Traverse Bay by a narrow strip of land. It communicates with Lake Michigan. Length 14 miles. TORGAU, a fortified town in Saxony, Prussia; on the Elbe; 31 miles N. E. of