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TORTURE 446 TOTNES ble. In ancient Athens slaves were regu- larly examined by torture. Under the Roman republic only slaves could be tor- tured; under the empire torture, besides being much used in examining slaves, was occasionally inflicted even on free- men, to extract evidence of the crime of liesa majestas. At a later period torture came to be largely employed by the In- quisition, and it was only in 1816 that it was prohibited by a papal bull. TORY, a political party name of Irish origin, first used in England about 1679, applied originally to Irish Revolutionary Catholic outlaws, and then generally to those who refused to concur in the scheme to exclude James II. from the throne. The nickname, like its contemporaneous opposite Whig, in coming into popular use became much less strict in its ap- plication, till at last it came simply to signify an adherent of that political party in the State who disapproved of change in the ancient constitution, and who supported the claims and authority of the king, church, and aristocracy, while their opponents, the Whigs, were in favor of more or less radical changes, and supported the claims of the de- mocracy. In modern times the term has to some extent been supplanted by Con- servative. TOSCANINI, ARTURO, an Italian orchestral conductor, born at Parma, in 1867. He studied at the Conservatory of Parma, and first conducted at Turin, being later engaged for the Dal Verme in Milan, where Gatt-Casazza secured his services for La Scala. There he had opportunities of exhibiting his abil- ity as an operatic and symphonic con- ductor, and, as a result, became, in 1908, principal conductor at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York. His m.usical memory is remarkable and he directed without score more than a hundred operas of all nationalities and schools. TOSTI, SIR FRANCESCO PAOLO, an Italian composer; born in Ortona, Italy, April 9, 1846. He was famous as a composer of songs in Italian, French, and English; among his best-known bal- lads being "For Ever and For Ever" and "Beauty's Eyes." In 1875 he went to London and in 1880 was appointed singing teacher to the royal family. He wrote the operas, "The Grand Duke"; "The Prima Donna"; etc. He was Knighted in 1908. He died in 1916. TOTEM, a natural object, one of a class taken by a tribe, a family, or a single person, and treated with super- stitious respect as an outward symbol of an existing intimate unseen relation. The totem is considered as helpful tft the man, who in his turn abstains from killing it if an animal, or eating it if a plant, and who often assimilates him- self to it by wearing its skin or the like, or tattooing its picture on his body. The whole members of the clan who have a totem in common count themselves of one blood, and claim the totem as their common ancestor. The restriction on killing and eating it is absolute, and sometimes men are tabooed from touch- ing or even looking at it under pain of death or expulsion from the tribe. Elab- orate ceremonies connected with birth, marriage, and death point more closely to the identification of the man and the totem, and such ceremonies as those of the Australians at puberty are intended to initiate the youth into the restrictions that must be observed in sexual com- TOTNES, a municipal borough and market town of Devonshire, England, pleasantly situated on the slope of a steep hill on the right bank of the Dart; 29 miles S. S. W. of Exeter and 24 E, N. E. of Plymouth. The Dart is navi- gable to this point for vessels of 200 tons, and Brut the Trojan is fabled to have landed here; the "Brutus Stone," on which he first set foot, may be seen in the main street. At least, Tolnea is a place of great antiquity, and retains two gateways, remains of the walls, a quaint guildhall, a good many antique houses, and an interesting Perpendicular TOUCAN church (1432; restored by Scott, 1874), with a noble red sandstone tower and a fine stone screen. The Norman cas- tle of Judhael de Totnes, that crowns the hilltop, is represented by the circular shell keep. There is a grammar school (1568); and on the "Plains," near the river, stands a granite obelisk to the Australian explorer Wills, who was a