Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 09.djvu/520

TRADES UNION 458 TRAGEDY workers in Nottingham, and since then eimilar boards have been formed by the trades in Staffordshire, Middlesborough, Cleveland, Bradford, Sheffield, and other places. TRADE WIND, in meteorology, in the plural, certain ocean winds, blowing constantly in one direction or very near- ly so, can be calculated on beforehand by the mariner and are therefore bene- ficial to trade. They exist on all open oceans to a distance of about 30° N. and S. of the equator, blowing from about the N. E. in the Northern and from the S. E. in the Southern Hemisphere. Where they meet they neutralize each other, creating a region of calm N., and the same distance S. of the equator. Atmospheric air expands by heat, and, expanding, naturally ascends, its place being supplied by a rush of colder and consequently of denser air beneath. The process is continually in progress, to a great extent, everywhere throughout the tropics, but especially above the land. If the globe consisted solely of land, or solely of water, and had no rotation, the cold currents would travel directly from the N. and S. poles to the equator; but the rotation of the earth deflects them from their course. The atmosphere lags behind the moving planet, especially at the equator, where the rotation is about 1,000 miles an hour. Neither the direc- tion nor the area of the trade winds re- mains fixed. Since they supply the place of rarefied air, which is ascending, they must follow the movement of the sun, blowing to the point of greatest rare- faction, as a cold current coming through a keyhole goes to the fire. Hence, the area of the trade winds extends from two to four degrees farther N. than usual when the sun is at the Tropic of Cancer, and the same number of degrees farther S. than usual when he is at the Tropic of Capricorn. In the former case the S. E. trade wind declines further from the E. from its N. limit, sometimes passing the equator, while the N. E. trade wind approaches an E. direction more than at other times. The region of calms also changes its position. As the difference of pressure is not great, the trade wind is generally moderate in strength, espe- cially in the opposite hemisphere from that in which the sun is at the time. The trade winds were not known till Columbus' first voyage. They are most marked on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, where they occur between 9° and 30° N., and between 4° and 22° S. in the former, and between 9° and 26° N., and between 4° and 23° S. in the latter ocean, but become modified in the vicinity of land, so as to lose their dis- tinctive character. In the Indian Ocean and in Southeastern Asia they become altered into monsoons. TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ACT, a Federal law passed on October 5, 1917, restricting exportations for the purpose of preventing goods exported from this country reaching Germany. Under the authority granted him by the Espionage Act, passed June 15, 1917, President Wilson issued a proclamation on July 9, 1917, forbidding the exporta- tion of food stuffs, grains and steel, ex- cept by special license of the Govern- ment. One section of this act authorized the President to restrict exports, even to the point of declaring an embargo. On August 27, 1917, a second proclama- tion was published, placing the exporta- tion of all goods under the control of the Exports Administrative Board, es- pecially in the case of those exports destined for the Scandinavian countries. On September 7 an embargo on gold was declared. In its natural sequence followed the Trading with the Enemy Act, forbidding trade with enemies of the United States, and also giving the Government authority over imports. On October 15 the President placed the con- trol of exportation and importation under the jurisdiction of the War Trade Board and the Secretary of the Treasury. The effect of these various measures was to cause a tremendous shrinkage in our for- eign trade, not only with European coun- tries, but with South America. A black- listing system was also adopted, similar to the British blacklist, which practically excluded the trade of some 1,600 South American firms from the United States. TRADUCIANISM, the doctrine that the human soul, as well as the body, is produced by natural generation. St. Augustine seems to have inclined to this belief without committing himself to it or, on the other hand, pronouncing in favor of the opinion that the soul was immediately created by God and infused into the embryo when sufficiently organ- ized. TRAFALGAR, a low and sandy cape on the S. W. coast of Spain, at the N. W. entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar. The famous naval battle in which Nelson lost his life, after defeating a larger French and Spanish fleet under the com- mand of Villeneuve and Gravina, was fought off this cape, Oct. 21, 1805. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost 19 ships out of 33. TRAGEDY, a dramatic poem repre- senting an important event, or a series