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TBENTINO, THE 497 TREPANNING ance with Germany and Austria, pre- vented her for this long period from sup- porting the ambitions of the Italians of the Trentino to become a part of the Italian nation. TRENT, WILLIAM PETERFIELD, an American author; born in Richmond, Va., Nov. 10, 1862; was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1884; and in 1888 became Professor of English and of History in the University of the South. In July, 1900, he was appointed Profes- sor of English Literature at Columbia University, New York city. He made a special study of southern men and times, and published: "Life of William Gilmore Simms"; "English Culture in Virginia"; "Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime"; "Balzac's Comedie Humaine"; "John Milton"; "Authority of Criticism"; etc. TRENT AFFAIR. In October, 1861, Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., inter- cepted at sea the British mail steamer "Trent," bound from Havana to St. Thomas, and took off two Confederate commissioners, accredited to France, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, who were among her passengers. They were taken to Boston and imprisoned in Fort War- ren, but were released on Jan. 1, 1862, on the demand of the British Govern- ment, and permitted to proceed to Europe. The affair created intense ex- citement at the time, but Secretary Seward accepted England's demand as an adoption of the American doctrine which denied the right of search, and on that ground replied that the prisoners would be cheerfully given up. TRENTON, a city and county-seat of Grundy co.. Mo.; on the Crooked Fork of Grand river, and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad; 102 miles N. E. of Leavenworth, Kan. It contains Avalon College (United Brethren), a court house, churches. National and other banks, and several newspapers. It has flour and woolen mills and an assessed property valuation exceeding $1,200,000. Pop. (1910) 5,656; (1920) 6,951. TRENTON, a city of New Jersey, the capital of the State, and the county-seat of Mercer co. It is on the Delaware river, the Delaware and Raritan canal, and on the main line of the Pennsylvania and of the Philadelphia and Reading rail- roads. The city is connected by electric lines with Philadelphia, northern New Jersey, and New York, while there is a large traffic on the canal and by steam- ship and barges on the Delaware river to the south. The city is connected with Morrisville in Pennsylvania by bridges over the river. Trenton is an important industrial city and is noted for the wide variety and extent of its manufactures. The industrial zone had in 1920 200 manufacturing plants with $120,000,000 invested and 40,000 employees. The value of the finished product was nearly $175,000,000. The leading industries are the manufacture of pottery, rubber, wire^ machinery, structural steel and linoleum, automobiles, bedding and spring mat- tresses, bricks, candy, cigars, clothing, furniture, hosiery, silk and woolen yams, steam turbines, watches, etc. Trenton has a total area of 19 square miles. The assessed property valuation in 1919 was $76,177,195 in real estate and $16,030,800 in personal property. The net public debt was $6,110,437. The annual cost of maintaining the city government was $1,665,169. There were enrolled in the public schools 15,336 pupils and the cost of maintaining the schools was $734,606. It is the seat of the State Normal and Model School, School of Industrial Arts, and several private schools. It contains three hospitals. State home for girls, a reformatory. State hospital for the in- sane, and a State prison. The notable public buildings include the State (Capi- tol, Masonic Temple, and the State Ar- mory. The city has two parks. The spot where Washington planted his cannon during the Battle of Trenton is marked by a statue. History. — The site of Trenton was set- tled as early as 1679 by Mahlon Stacy and other Quakers. Judge Trent pur- chased a large plantation here about 1715, and the place became known as Trent Town, subsequently shortened to Trenton. It became the State capital in 1790, but prior to that year the Legis- lature often met here. The town was incorporated in 1792. After the Revolu- tionary War the Continental Congress once met here and discussed the feasibil- ity of making Trenton the National capi- tal, but State jealousies defeated the movement. On Dec. 25, 1776, the town was the scene of night attack by Wash- ington on the British troops, whom he surprised by crossing the Delaware, when the floating ice was supposed to have rendered it impassable. A monu- ment erected by the National and State governments commemorates this event. Pop. (1910) 96,815; (1920) 119,289. TREPANNING, the operation of cut- ting a circular opening into the skull by means of a surgical instrument called a trepan or trephine. This consists of a handle, to which is fixed a small hollow steel cylinder, of about i/^ to 1 inch in diameter, having teeth cut on its lower