Pitch Pine. Tint sixty parts of white lead with half part medium Venetian red, and quarter part of French ochre.
Italian Walnut. One part of French ochre mixed with ten parts of pure white lead and quarter part of burnt umber and medium Venetian red give this ground.
American Walnut. Thirty parts pure white lead tinted with nine parts of French ochre, four parts burnt umber and one part medium Venetian red.
Antique Oak. Thirty parts pure white lead tinted with nine parts of French ochre, four parts burnt umber and one part medium Venetian red.
Ash. White lead tinted with a very little vermilion and about an equal quantity of lemon chrome. Some prefer yellow ochre only, others ochre and raw umber in the proportion of four ounces ochre and one ounce umber to thirty pounds of lead.
Birch. Eighty parts of white lead to one of yellow ochre produces a good ground, but sixty parts of white lead, one-eighth of a part of French ochre and one-sixteenth part, of lemon chrome is sometimes preferred.
Knotted Oak. Sixty parts of white lead, nine parts of French ochre and three and one-half parts burnt umber.
Rosewood and Dark Mahogany. Four parts of medium Venetian red, one part of orange chrome yellow, and one part of burnt umber, or a little less burnt umber may be used according to the strength.
The graining ground mixtures must be taken as an average arrived at from comparison of the methods employed by different painters in various parts of the country. As has been explained, the mixtures given are those which may be considered an average, and a variation of them may be made according to individual taste and judgment.
