CHAP. VII. _____soldiers, habituated at once to violence and to slavery, renders them very unfit guardians of a legal, or even a civil constitution. Justice, humanity, or political wisdom, are qualities they are too little acquainted with in themselves, to appreciate them in others. Valour will acquire their esteem, and liberality will purchase their suffrage ; but the first of these merits is often lodged in the most savage breasts; the latter can only exert itself at the expense of the pubhc ; and both may be turned against the possessor of the throne, by the ambition of a daring rival.
Want of it in the Roman empire productive of the greatest calamities.The superior prerogative of birth, when it has obtained the sanction of time and popular opinion, is the plainest and least invidious of all distinctions among mankind. The acknowledged right extinguishes the hopes of faction, and the conscious security disarms the cruelty of the monarch. To the firm establishment of this idea, we owe the peaceful succession, and mild administration, of European monarchies. To the defect of it, we must attribute the frequent civil wars, through which an Asiatic despot is obliged to cut his way to the throne of his fathers. Yet, even in the east, the sphere of contention is usually limited to the princes of the reigning house ; and as soon as the more fortunate competitor has removed his brethren by the sword and the bowstring, he no longer entertains any jealousy of his meaner subjects. But the Roman empire, after the authority of the senate had sunk into contempt, was a vast scene of confusion. The royal, and even noble, families of the provinces, had long since been led in triumph before the car of the haughty republicans. The ancient families of Rome had successively fallen beneath the tyranny of the Caesars; and whilst those princes were shackled by the forms of a commonwealth, and disappointed by the repeated failure of their posterity[1], it was impossible that any
↑There had been no example of three successive generations on the throne ; only three instances of sons who succeeded their fathers. The marriages of the Ca;sars (notwithstanding the permission, and the frequent practice of divorces) were generally unfruitful.
