addressed to him by Charles himself in June 1645 enumerates the 'manie true services you have actually done us in these times of trying a subject's loyalty: as in raiseing us the Darbyshire minors for our life guard at our first entrance to this warr for our owne defence, when the lord-lieutenant of that countie refused to appear in the service: supplyinge us at Shrewsbury and Oxford with your mint for the payement of our armye, when all the officers in the mint of our Tower of London forsook their attendance, except St William Parkhurst: your changing the dollars with wch wee paid our soldiers at six shillings a piece, when the malignant partie cried them down at five: your stopping the mutinie in Shropshire . . . your providing us one hundred tonnes of leadshot for our army, when we paid without mony, when we paid before twentie pounds per tonne: and your helpinge us to twenty-six pieces of ordinance . . . your cloathing of our liefe guard and three regiments more, wth suites, stockings, shoes, and mounterees, when wee were readie to march in the ffeild ... [your invention of badges of silver for rewarding the forlorne hope]; your contractinge with merchants beyond the seas, for providing good quantities of powder, pistol, carabine, muskett, and bullen, in exchange your owne commodities, when wee were wantinge of such ammunicion: with diverse other severall services.' Besides all this Bushell held Lundy Island for the king; but, with the royal sanction, surrendered it on 24 Feb. 1647. He now found it necessary to go into hiding; but at last, in August 1652, gave securities to the council of state for his future good behaviour. He obtained from the Protector a renewal of his lease of the royal, and a confirmation of his granting the silver thence extracted. These privileges were confirmed in February 1658 by Richard Cromwell, who also protected and encouraged Bushell in his operations in connection with the lead mines in the forest of Mendip. Bushell's mining schemes in Somersetshire likewise received the sanction of Charles II; but little is known of the last few years of his life. It is probable that he was much embarrassed by pecuniary difficulties. The petition of 'Thomas Bushell, master workman of the royal mines,' dated March (?) 1668, prays the king 'for a royal protection from arrests for two years (on account of his) having contracted great debts in the service of the late king, which he hopes to repay in time from his mineral proceeds.' Bushell died in 1674, and was buried in the cloisters Westminster Abbey. His wife was Anne, widow of Sir William Waad, lieutenant of the Tower.
[The Case of Thomas Bushell of Easton, in the County of Oxford, Esquire, truly stated. Together with his progress in Minerals. London, 1649; A Just and True Remonstrance of His Majesty's Mines Royal . . . Presented by Thomas Bushell, Esq., London and Shrewsbury. 1642; Bushell's Tracts cited in the text and various printed documents relating to his mining schemes (see Brit. Mus. Catalogue); Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, especially 3 Sept. 1635. November 1635. 22 Oct. 1636, 3 Dec. 1636, 25 Jan. 1636–7, 9 July (?) 1637. 3 Oct. 1638, 16 April 1640, 16 Aug. 1652, 28 June 1653, August (?), November (?) 1660, 18 Nov. 1661, March (?) 1663; Ellis' Orig. Letters. 2nd ser. iii. 309; Memoirs of T. Bushell by Rev. A. de la Pryne (1878). printed in Manx Miscellanies. vol. ii. (1880); Wood's Ath. Oxon. iii. 1007–10, s.v. 'Thomas Bushell;' Spedding's Life of Bacon, vii. 189, 200, 268; Ruding's Annals of the Coinage, ii. 237–39; Hawkins's Silver Coins, ed. Kenyon; Hawkins's Medallic Illustrations, ed. Franks and Greuber (Charles II. Nos. 67–69; Bushell's 'Mining Share Ticket'); Walpole (Anecdotes of Painting) is in error as to there being a medallist named Bushell.]
BUSHNAN, JOHN STEVENSON (1808?–1884), medical writer, was born about 1808. After studying at Heidelberg, where he graduated M.D,, he passed at Edinburgh in 1830 the examinations of the Royal College of Surgeons and of the Royal College of Physicians. Eventually he settled in London, where he filled the post of editor of the 'Medical Times and Gazette' from 1849 to 1852. He published 'A History of a Case of Animals in the Blood of a Boy,' 1833; and in the same year, from the German, Dieffenbach's 'Surgical Observations on the Restoration of the Nose,' and an 'Introduction to the Study of Nature.' This was followed in 1837 by the 'Philosophy of Instinct and Reason.' In 1840 he contributed to the Naturalist's Library an article on 'Ichthyology;' 'Observations on Hydropathy,' 1845; and 'Cholera and its Cures,' 1850. In the same year he published an 'Address to the Medical Students of London;' and 'The Moral and Sanitary Aspects of the New Central Cattle-market,' 1851. In this year he engaged in a controversy with Miss Martineau, in 'Miss Martineau and her Master,' He wrote 'Homeopathy and the Homeopaths' in 1852; 'Household Medicine and Surgery' in 1854; and in the same year he contributed to Orr's 'Circle of the Sciences.' In 1860 he wrote 'Religious Revivals ' and 'Our Holiday at Laverstock House Asylum;' and in 1861–2 two reviews in the 'Journal of Mental Science.' Ultimately he became unfortunate in his affairs, his sight failed, and he ended his
