EDDI, ÆDDE, or EDDIUS (fl. 669), biographer, who assumed the name of Stephanus probably on taking orders, was brought into Northumbria by Bishop Wilfrith or Wilfrid when he returned from Canterbury in 669. His special work was to teach the Roman method of chanting in the Northumbrian churches; he acted as choirmaster of the diocese, and accordingly describes himself as ‘cantor’ (Eddius, c. xiv.). He was probably present at the synod of Onestrefeld, or Austerfield, in 702, in which Wilfrid was condemned, and accompanied him on his journey to Rome, whither he went to appeal against its decree. It has also been shown that there can be little doubt that he was an inmate of the monastery of Ripon in 709, when Wilfrid spent his last days there (Raine). At the request of Bishop Acca [q. v.], Abbot Tatberht, and the congregation of Ripon, he wrote a ‘Life of Wilfrid,’ a work in which he says his remembrance of the bishop was of great help to him. Although not written with any literary skill, and full of partisanship, it is a work of the highest interest and value, and was probably used by Bæda. The date of the last event it records is 710, and as it is reasonable to conclude that Eddi was at least twenty-five when he came into Northumbria, he must then have been fully sixty-six. The ‘Vita Wilfridi Episcopi auctore Eddio Stephano’ was used by William of Malmesbury (Gesta Pontificum); it is not included in the ‘Acta Sanctorum’ of the Bollandists, and was first printed by Mabillon in his ‘Acta SS. Ordinis S. Benedicti,’ vol. iv. pt. i. p. 631, from a transcript from the Cottonian MS., and later, with the help of a manuscript in the library of Salisbury Cathedral, by Gale in his ‘Scriptores XV,’ i. 38, and by Giles in ‘Vitæ Quorundam Sanctorum,’ Caxton Soc. The latest edition is in the ‘Historians of the Church of York,’ i. 1, Rolls Ser., with full introduction by James Raine.
[Vita Wilfridi auct. Eddio Stephano, Præf., c. xiv., see Introd. p. xxxi sq. (Rolls Ser.); Bædæ Hist. Eccl. iv. 2 (Engl. Hist. Soc.); William of Malmesbury's Gesta Pontificum, p. 210 (Rolls Ser.); Raine's Fasti Eboracenses, p. 62.]
EDELBURGE, Saint. [See Ethelburga.]
EDEMA, GERARD (1652–1700?), landscape-painter, is stated to have been a native of Friesland. He was a pupil of Allart van Everdingen, from whom he learnt to paint landscapes of a wild and savage nature, with a predilection for rocks and waterfalls. He came to England about 1670, in his eighteenth year, and shortly afterwards made an expedition to Norway to collect subjects for his pictures. These travels he extended to Surinam in Dutch Guiana, the West Indies, the English colonies in America, and Newfoundland. He returned to London with a great number of paintings representing the novel and unknown scenery which he had visited, and their strange and awe-inspiring character earned him the name of ‘the Salvator Rosa of the North.’ He had no difficulty in disposing of any number of them to the merchants whose business was connected with those countries, and his landscapes were eagerly sought after by the nobility. Edema, having no talent for figures and buildings, was usually assisted in this line by Jan Wyck. Sir Richard Edgcumbe, being anxious to have a series of views of Mount-Edgcumbe painted for his house there, employed Edema, Wyck, and Vandevelde to execute them in concert. They remained some time at Mount-Edgcumbe, and produced several views which still exist. Unfortunately for Edema his prosperity led him into luxurious habits and to an inordinate love of the bottle, which caused his death at Richmond about 1700. Two landscapes by him are at Hampton Court. He was a clever painter, but owed his success to the novelty and interest of his subjects. Some authorities distinguish him from a Nicholas Edema, living at the same time, who visited Surinam for the purpose of painting insects and plants, a line of art which he abandoned for landscape-painting. It seems almost certain that there was only one painter of the name.
[Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, ed. Dallaway and Wornum; Vertue's MSS. (Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 23068, &c.); Descamps's Vies des Peintres; Immerzeel (and Kramm) Levens en Werken der Hollandsche en Vlaamsche Kunstschilders, &c.; Nouvelle Biographie Générale.]
EDEN, Sir ASHLEY (1831–1887), Indian official, third son of Robert John Eden [q. v.], third lord Auckland and bishop of Bath and Wells, and nephew of George Eden [q .v.], earl of Auckland and governor-general of India, was born at Hertingfordbury in Hertfordshire on 13 Nov. 1831. He was educated first at Rugby and then at Winchester, until 1849, in which year he received a nomination to the Indian civil service. He spent 1850 and 1851 at the East India Company's college at Haileybury, but did not pass out last of his term until December 1851. In 1852 he reached India, and was first posted as assistant to the magistrate and collector
