father had served under Napoleon I, and survived the retreat from Moscow; his mother was of English origin. Gustave (he invariably dropped his first two names) was educated at Tours, was exempted from military service as eldest son of a widow, and was awarded the diploma of 'Bachelier ès Lettres' by the Université de France on 8 Aug. 1837. After some ten years of literary struggle in Paris, he came to England as tutor to the two sons of Captain Trotter of the Woodlands, Harrow, and was in 1855 appointed by Dr. Vaughan, headmaster of Harrow School, French master there. He proved himself a good organiser, and took a prominent part in the life of the school. He was from 1869 Vaughan librarian and published a catalogue (1st edit. 1877, 2nd edit. 1887).
Masson was an author and translator on a large scale, writing many books on French literature and history, and editing with much success numerous French classics for English students. He was at the same time a frequent contributor to the 'Athenæum,' and supplied the notes on French literature to the 'Saturday Review' from soon after its foundation until 1880. He gave up his Harrow mastership in the autumn of 1888, and died a few weeks later (29 Aug.) at Ewhurst, Surrey, while on a visit to Sir Henry Doulton; he was buried in Harrow churchyard. By his wife, whose maiden name was Janet Clarke, and whom he married in 1843, he left two sons and two daughters.
Masson's chief works are:
- 'Introduction to the History of French Literature,' Edinburgh, 1860.
- 'La Lyre Française,' London, 1867, an excellent French anthology, forming a volume of the 'Golden Treasury' series.
- 'Early Chronicles of Europe: France '[1879].
- 'The Huguenots: a Sketch of their History from the beginning of the Reformation to the Death of Louis XIV' [1881].
- 'Richelieu' [1884].
- 'Mazarin' [1886], based on Cheruel's great work on the 'History of France during the Minority of Louis XIV,' and forming, with Nos. 3, 5, and 7, volumes in the 'Home Library' of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
- 'The Dawn of European Literature French Literature,' 1888.
- 'Mediæval France from the Reign of Hugues Capet to the beginning of the Sixteenth Century,' 1888; an inadequate compilation, not free from serious blunders.
His translations include, from the English:
- Sir W. Baker's 'Discovery of Albert Nyanza,' 1868.
- 'New Voyage to the Sources of the Nile,' 1869. And from the French:
- P. Janet's 'Matérialisme,' 1865.
- Caro's 'George Sand,' Sorel's 'Montesquieu,' Say's 'Turgot,' and Simon's 'Victor Cousin,' in the series of 'Grands Écrivains Français.'
- George Sand's 'François le Champi,' 1879.
Among his educational works are:
- 'A Chronological and Historical Atlas of the Middle Ages,' 1849, fol.
- . 'Class Book of French Literature,' Edinburgh, 1861.
- 'A Compendious Dictionary of the French Language,' 1874.
- Various adaptations of A. Brachet's 'Public School French Grammar,' 1876, &c.
- 'Choice Readings from French History,' with notes, 1880.
Masson also edited seven volumes of 'French Classics' for the Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1866; many single plays by Mohere, Racine, Corneille, Musset, Piron, Lemercier, Collin d'Harleville, Villemain, Melesville et Duveyrier, and Victor Hugo; Voltaire's 'Siècle de Louis XIV,' 1875; Thierry's 'Lettres sur l'Histoire de France,' 1885, and 'Recits des Temps Merovingiens,' 1887; Xavier de Maistre's 'Voyage autour de ma Chambre,' and various works by Madame de Staël.
[Times, 31 Aug. and 1 Sept. 1888; Athenæum, 2 Sept, 1888; Saturday Review, 9 Sept. 1888; Annual Register, 1888, p. 169; Harrovian, 4 Oct. 1888; Brit. Mus. Cat.; materials kindly supplied by Masson's daughter, Mrs. Horley, and by Mr. B. P. Lascelles, present librarian at Harrow.]
MASSUE DE RUVIGNY, HENRI de, second Marquis de Ruvigny, Earl of Galway (1648–1720), born on 9 April 1648 at his father's house in the Faubourg St. Germain, Paris, was the eldest son of Henri de Massue, marquis de Ruvigny and Raineval, a French general of repute, deputy-general of the Huguenots at the court of Versailles, sometime ambassador at the English court, and uncle of Rachel, wife of Lord William Russell. He entered the army at an early age, and saw service first in Portugal, being present at the siege of the Fort de la Garda. From 1672 to 1675 he served in the war against Germany as aide-de-camp to Marshal Turenne. He obtained the approbation of that general, and after the battle of Eusheim in October 1674 was recommended by him to Louis XIV for the command of the regiment of Cornas. On Turenne's death at Salzburg in 1675 he is said (Le Gendre, Vie de Pierre du Bosc, Épitre Dedicatoire) to have displayed great tact at a critical moment in reconciling the claims of Generals Lorges and Vaubrun to the chief command of the army. His connection with the Russell family furnishing a plausible pretext for the appointment, he was early in 1678 sent by Louis to England to endeavour, by intriguing with the leaders of the opposition, to detach Charles II from the Dutch alliance. The ob-
