by the emperor. In 1203 it had its first podestà, and from this period dates the rise of its importance. In 1387, after various political changes, it surrendered to Antonio da Montefeltro of Urbino, and remained under the dominion of the dukes of Urbino until, in 1624, the whole duchy was ceded to the pope.
Gubbio was the birthplace of Oderisio, a famous miniature painter (1240–1299), mentioned by Dante as the honour of his native town (Purg. xi. 80 “l’onor d’Agobbio”), but no authentic works by him exist. In the 14th and 15th centuries a branch of the Umbrian school of painting flourished here, the most famous masters of which were Guido Palmerucci (1280–1345?) and several members of the Nelli family, particularly Ottaviano (d. 1444), whose best work is the “Madonna del Belvedere” in S. Maria Nuova at Gubbio (1404), extremely well preserved, with bright colouring and fine details. Another work by him is the group of frescoes including a large “Last Judgment,” and scenes from the life of St Augustine, in the church of S. Agostino, discovered in 1902 under a coating of whitewash. These painters seem to have been influenced by the contemporary masters of the Sienese school.
Gubbio occupies a far more important place in the history of majolica. In a decree of 1438 a vasarius vasorum pictorum is mentioned, who probably was not the first of his trade. The art was brought to perfection by Giorgio Andreoli, whose father had emigrated hither from Pavia, and who in 1498 became a citizen of Gubbio. The works by his hand are remarkable for their ruby tint, with a beautiful metallic lustre; but only one small tazza remains in Gubbio itself. His art was carried on by his sons, Cencio and Ubaldo, but was afterwards lost, and only recovered in 1853 by Angelico Fabbri and Luigi Carocci.
Two miles outside Porta Metauro to the N.E. is the Bottaccione, a large water reservoir, constructed in the 12th or 14th century; the water is collected in the bed of a stream by a massive dam.
See A. Colasanti, Gubbio (Bergamo, 1905); L. McCracken, Gubbio (London, 1905). (T. As.)
GUBEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Prussia, at
the confluence of the Lubis with the Neisse, 28 m. S.S.E. of
Frankfort-on-Oder, at the junction of railways to Breslau,
Halle and Forst. Pop. (1875) 23,704; (1905) 36,666. It possesses
three Evangelical churches, a Roman Catholic church,
a synagogue, a gymnasium, a modern school, a museum and a
theatre. The principal industries are the spinning and weaving
of wool, dyeing, tanning, and the manufacture of pottery ware,
hats, cloth, paper and machinery. The vine is cultivated in the
neighbourhood to some extent, and there is also some trade in
fruit and vegetables. Guben is of Wendish origin. It is mentioned
in 1207 and received civic rights in 1235. It was surrounded
by walls in 1311, about which time it came into the
possession of the margrave of Brandenburg, from whom it
passed to Bohemia in 1368. It was twice devastated by the
Hussites, and in 1631 and 1642 it was occupied by the Swedes.
By the peace of Prague in 1635 it came into the possession of
the elector of Saxony, and in 1815 it was, with the rest of Lower
Lusatia, united to Prussia.
GUBERNATIS, ANGELO DE, Count (1840– ), Italian man
of letters, was born at Turin and educated there and at Berlin,
where he studied philology. In 1862 he was appointed professor
of Sanskrit at Florence, but having married a cousin of the
Socialist Bakunin and become interested in his views he resigned
his appointment and spent some years in travel. He was
reappointed, however, in 1867; and in 1891 he was transferred
to the university of Rome. He became prominent both as an
orientalist, a publicist and a poet. He founded the Italia
letteraria (1862), the Rivista orientale (1867), the Civitta italiana
and Rivista europea (1869), the Bollettino italiano degli studii
orientali (1876) and the Revue internationale (1883), and in
1887 became director of the Giornale della società asiatica. In
1878 he started the Dizionario biografico degli scrittori contemporanei.
His Oriental and mythological works include the
Piccola enciclopedia indiana (1867), the Fonti vediche (1868),
a famous work on zoological mythology (1872), and another on
plant mythology (1878). He also edited the encyclopaedic
Storia universale della letteratura (1882–1885). His work in
verse includes the dramas Cato, Romolo, Il re Nala, Don Rodrigo,
Savitri, &c.
GUDBRANDSDAL, a district in the midlands of southern
Norway, comprising the upper course of the river Lougen or
Laagen from Lillehammer at the head of Lake Mjösen to its
source in Lake Lesjekogen and tributary valleys. Lillehammer,
the centre of a rich timber district, is 114 m. N. of Christiania
by rail. The railway continues through the well-wooded and
cultivated valley to Otta (70 m.). Several tracks run westward
into the wild district of the Jotunheim. From Otto good driving
routes run across the watershed and descend the western slope,
where the scenery is incomparably finer than in Gudbrandsdal
itself—(a) past Sörum, with the 13th-century churches of
Vaagen and Lom (a fine specimen of the Stavekirke or timber-built
church), Aanstad and Polfos, with beautiful falls of the
Otta river, to Grotlid, whence roads diverge to Stryn on the
Nordfjord, and to Marok on the Geirangerfjord; (b) past
Domaas (with branch road north to Stören near Trondhjem,
skirting the Dovrefjeld), over the watershed formed by Lesjekogen
Lake, which drains in both directions, and down through
the magnificent Romsdal.
GUDE (Gudius), MARQUARD (1635–1689), German archaeologist
and classical scholar, was born at Rendsburg in Holstein
on the 1st of February 1635. He was originally intended for
the law, but from an early age showed a decided preference for
classical studies. In 1658 he went to Holland in the hope of
finding work as a teacher of classics, and in the following year,
through the influence of J. F. Gronovius, he obtained the post of
tutor and travelling companion to a wealthy young Dutchman,
Samuel Schars. During his travels Gude seized the opportunity
of copying inscriptions and MSS. At the earnest request of his
pupil, who had become greatly attached to him, Gude refused
more than one professional appointment, and it was not until
1671 that he accepted the post of librarian to Duke Christian
Albert of Holstein-Gottorp. Schars, who had accompanied
Gude, died in 1675, and left him the greater part of his property.
In 1678 Gude, having quarrelled with the duke, retired into
private life; but in 1682 he entered the service of Christian V.
of Denmark as counsellor of the Schleswig-Holstein chancellery,
and remained in it almost to the time of his death on the 26th
of November 1689. Gude’s great life-work, the collection of
Greek and Latin inscriptions, was not published till 1731.
Mention may also be made of his editio princeps (1661) of the
treatise of Hippolytus the Martyr on Antichrist, and of his notes
on Phaedrus (with four new fables discovered by him) published
in P. Burmann’s edition (1698).
His correspondence (ed. P. Burmann, 1697) is the most important authority for the events of Gude’s life, besides containing valuable information on the learning of the times. See also J. Moller, Cimbria literata, iii., and C. Bursian in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, x.
GUDEMAN, ALFRED (1862– ), American classical scholar,
was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on the 26th of August 1862.
He graduated at Columbia University in 1883 and studied under
Hermann Diels at the University of Berlin. From 1890 to 1893
he was reader in classical philology at Johns Hopkins University,
from 1893 to 1902 professor in the University of Pennsylvania,
and from 1902 to 1904 professor in Cornell University. In 1904
he became a member of the corps of scholars preparing the
Wölfflin Thesaurus linguae Latinae—a unique distinction for an
American Latinist, as was the publication of his critical edition,
with German commentary, of Tacitus’ Agricola in 1902 by the
Weidmannsche Buchhandlung of Berlin. He wrote Latin
Literature of the Empire (2 vols., Prose and Poetry, 1898–1899),
a History of Classical Philology (1902) and Sources of Plutarch’s
Life of Cicero (1902); and edited Tacitus’ Dialogus de oratoribus
(text with commentary, 1894 and 1898) and Agricola (1899;
with Germania, 1900), and Sallust’s Catiline (1903).
GUDGEON (Gobio fluviatilis), a small fish of the Cyprinid
family. It is nearly related to the barbel, and has a small barbel
or fleshy appendage at each corner of the mouth. It is the
