rills down to Moulin Huet Bay, are much admired under the name of water-lanes.
The soil is generally light sandy loam, overlying an angular gravel which rests upon the weathered granite. This soil requires much manure, and a large proportion of the total area (about three-fifths) is under careful cultivation, producing a considerable amount of grain, but more famous for market-gardening. Vegetables and potatoes are exported, with much fruit, including grapes and flowers. Granite is quarried and exported from St Sampson, and the fisheries form an important industry.
For administrative purposes Guernsey is united with Alderney, Sark, Herm and the adjacent islets to form the bailiwick of Guernsey, separate from Jersey. The peculiar constitution, machinery of administration and justice, finance, &c., are considered under the heading Channel Islands. Guernsey is divided into the ten parishes of St Peter Port, St Sampson, Vale, Câtel, St Saviour, St Andrew, St Martin, Forest, St Peter du Bois and Torteval. The population of St Peter Port in 1901 was 18,264; of the other parishes that of St Sampson was 5614 and that of Vale 5082. The population of the bailiwick of Guernsey nearly doubled between 1821 and 1901, and that of the island increased from 35,243 in 1891 to 40,446 in 1901. The island roads are excellent, Guernsey owing much in this respect to Sir John Doyle (d. 1834), the governor whose monument stands on the promontory of Jerbourg. Like Jersey and the neighbouring part of France, Guernsey retains considerable traces of early habitation in cromlechs and menhirs, of which the most notable is the cromlech in the north at L’Ancresse. As regards ecclesiastical architecture, all the parish churches retain some archaeological interest. There is good Norman work in the church of St Michael, Vale, and the church of St Peter Port is a notable building of various periods from the early 14th century. Small remains of monastic buildings are seen at Vale and on Lihou Island.
GUERRAZZI, FRANCESCO DOMENICO (1804–1873), Italian
publicist, born at Leghorn, was educated for the law at Pisa,
and began to practise in his native place. But he soon took to
politics and literature, under the influence of Byron, and his
novel, the Battagli di Benevento (1827), brought him into notice.
Mazzini made his acquaintance, and with Carlo Bini they started
a paper, the Indicatore, at Leghorn in 1829, which was quickly
suppressed. Guerrazzi himself had to endure several terms of
imprisonment for his activity in the cause of Young Italy, and
it was in Portoferrato in 1834 that he wrote his most famous
novel Assidio di Firenze. He was the most powerful Liberal
leader at Leghorn, and in 1848 became a minister, with some
idea of exercising a moderating influence in the difficulties
with the grand-duke of Tuscany. In 1849, when the latter
fled, he was first one of the triumvirate with Mazzini and
Montanelli, and then dictator, but on the restoration he was
arrested and imprisoned for three years. His Apologia was
published in 1852. Released from prison, he was exiled to
Corsica, but subsequently was restored and was for some time a
deputy at Turin (1862–1870), dying of apoplexy at Leghorn
on the 25th of September 1873. He wrote a number of other
works besides the novels already mentioned, notably Isabella
Orsini (1845) and Beatrice Cenci (1854), and his Opere were
collected at Milan (1868).
See the Life and Works by Bosio (1877), and Carducci’s edition of his letters (1880).
GUERRERO, a Pacific coast state of Mexico, bounded N.W.
by Michoacan, N. by Mexico (state) and Morelos, N.E. and E.
by Puebla and Oaxaca, and S. and W. by the Pacific. Area,
24,996 sq. m. Pop., largely composed of Indians and mestizos
(1895), 417,886; (1900) 479,205. The state is roughly broken
by the Sierra Madre and its spurs, which cover its entire surface
with the exception of the low coastal plain (averaging about
20 m. in width) on the Pacific. The valleys are usually narrow,
fertile and heavily forested, but difficult of access. The state
is divided into two distinct zones—the tierras calientes of the
coast and lower river courses where tropical conditions prevail,
and the tierras templadas of the mountain region where the
conditions are subtropical. The latter is celebrated for its
agreeable and healthy climate, and for the variety and character
of its products. The principal river of the state is the Rio de las
Balsas or Mescala, which, having its source in Tlaxcala, flows
entirely across the state from W. to E., and then southward to
the Pacific on the frontier of Michoacan. This river is 429 m.
long and receives many affluents from the mountainous region
through which it passes, but its course is very precipitous and
its mouth obstructed by sand bars. The agricultural products
include cotton, coffee, tobacco and cereals, and the forests produce
rubber, vanilla and various textile fibres. Mining is undeveloped,
although the mineral resources of the state include silver, gold,
mercury, lead, iron, coal, sulphur and precious stones. The
capital, Chilpancingo, or Chilpancingo de los Bravos (pop. 7497
in 1900), is a small town in the Sierra Madre about 110 m. from
the coast and 200 m. S. of the Federal capital. It is a healthy
well-built town on the old Acapulco road, is lighted by electricity
and is temporarily the western terminus of the Interoceanic
railway from Vera Cruz. It is celebrated in the history of
Mexico as the meeting-place of the revolutionary congress of
1813, which issued a declaration of independence. Chilpancingo
was badly damaged by an earthquake in January 1902, and
again on the 16th of April 1907. Other important towns of the
state are Tixtla, or Tixtla de Guerrero, formerly the capital
(pop. 6316 in 1900), 3 m. N.E. of Chilpancingo; Chilapa (8256 in
1895), the most populous town of the state, partially destroyed
by a hurricane in 1889, and again by the earthquake of 1907;
Iguala (6631 in 1895); and Acapulco. Guerrero was organized
as a state in 1849, its territory being taken from the states of
Mexico, Michoacan and Puebla.
GUERRILLA (erroneously written “guerilla,” being the
diminutive of the Span. guerra, war), a term currently used to
denote war carried on by bands in any irregular and unorganized
manner. At the Hague Conference of 1899 the position of
irregular combatants was one of the subjects dealt with, and the
rules there adopted were reaffirmed at the Conference of 1907.
They provide that irregular bands in order to enjoy recognition
as belligerent forces shall (a) have at their head a person
responsible for his subordinates, (b) wear some fixed distinctive
badge recognizable at a distance, (c) carry arms openly, and (d)
conform in their operations to the laws and customs of war.
The rules, however, also provide that in case of invasion the
inhabitants of a territory who on the approach of the invading
enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist it, shall be regarded
as belligerent troops if they carry arms openly and respect the laws
and customs of war, although they may not have had time to
become organized in accordance with the above provisions.
These rules were borrowed almost word for word from the project
drawn up at the Brussels international conference of 1874,
which, though never ratified, was practically incorporated in the
army regulations issued by the Russian government in connexion
with the war of 1877–78. (T. Ba.)
GUERRINI, OLINDO (1845– ), Italian poet, was born
at Sant’ Alberto, Ravenna, and after studying law took to a
life of letters, becoming eventually librarian at Bologna University.
In 1877 he published Postuma, a volume of canzoniere,
under the name of Lorenzo Stechetti, following this with Polemica
(1878), Canti popolari romagnoli (1880) and other poetical
works, and becoming known as the leader of the “verist”
school among Italian lyrical writers.
GUESDE, JULES BASILE (1845– ), French socialist,
was born in Paris on the 11th of November 1845. He had
begun his career as a clerk in the French Home Office, but at
the outbreak of the Franco-German War he was editing Les
Droits de l’homme at Montpellier, and had to take refuge at
Geneva in 1871 from a prosecution instituted on account of
articles which had appeared in his paper in defence of the
Commune. In 1876 he returned to France to become one of
the chief French apostles of Marxian collectivism, and was
imprisoned for six months in 1878 for taking part in the first
Parisian International Congress. He edited at different times
