been several times translated into English. See also the literature
of the article on Quietism; and H. Delacroix, Études sur le
mysticisme (Paris, 1908). (St. C.)
GUYON, RICHARD DEBAUFRE (1803–1856), British soldier,
general in the Hungarian revolutionary army and Turkish pasha,
was born at Walcot, near Bath, in 1803. After receiving a
military education in England and in Austria he entered the
Hungarian hussars in 1823, in which he served until after his
marriage with a daughter of Baron Spleny, a general officer in
the imperial service. At the outbreak of the Hungarian War in
1848, he re-entered active service as an officer of the Hungarian
Honvéds, and he won great distinction in the action of Sukoro
(September 29, 1848) and the battle of Schwechat (October
30). He added to his reputation as a leader in various actions
in the winter of 1848–1849, and after the battle of Kapolna was
made a general officer. He served in important and sometimes
independent commands to the end of the war, after which he
escaped to Turkey. In 1852 he entered the service of the sultan.
He was made a pasha and lieutenant-general without being
required to change his faith, and rendered distinguished service
in the campaign against the Russians in Asia Minor (1854–55).
General Guyon died of cholera at Scutari on the 12th of
October 1856.
See A. W. Kinglake, The Patriot and the Hero General Guyon (1856).
GUYOT, ARNOLD HENRY (1807–1884), Swiss-American
geologist and geographer, was born at Boudevilliers, near
Neuchâtel, Switzerland, on the 28th of September 1807. He
studied at the college of Neuchâtel and in Germany, where
he began a lifelong friendship with Louis Agassiz. He was
professor of history and physical geography at the short-lived
Neuchâtel “Academy” from 1839 to 1848, when he removed,
at Agassiz’s instance, to the United States, settling in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. For several years he was a lecturer for the
Massachusetts State Board of Education, and he was professor
of geology and physical geography at Princeton from 1854 until
his death there on the 8th of February 1884. He ranked high
as a geologist and meteorologist. As early as 1838, he undertook,
at Agassiz’s suggestion, the study of glaciers, and was the first
to announce, in a paper submitted to the Geological Society of
France, certain important observations relating to glacial motion
and structure. Among other things he noted the more rapid
flow of the centre than of the sides, and the more rapid flow of
the top than of the bottom of glaciers; described the laminated
or “ribboned” structure of the glacial ice, and ascribed the
movement of glaciers to a gradual molecular displacement
rather than to a sliding of the ice mass as held by de Saussure.
He subsequently collected important data concerning erratic
boulders. His extensive meteorological observations in America
led to the establishment of the United States Weather Bureau,
and his Meteorological and Physical Tables (1852, revised ed.
1884) were long standard. His graded series of text-books and
wall-maps were important aids in the extension and popularization
of geological study in America. In addition to text-books,
his principal publications were: Earth and Man, Lectures on
Comparative Physical Geography in its Relation to the History
of Mankind (translated by Professor C. C. Felton, 1849); A
Memoir of Louis Agassiz (1883); and Creation, or the Biblical
Cosmogony in the Light of Modern Science (1884).
See James D. Dana’s “Memoir” in the Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, vol. ii. (Washington, 1886).
GUYOT, YVES (1843– ), French politician and economist,
was born at Dinan on the 6th of September 1843. Educated at
Rennes, he took up the profession of journalism, coming to
Paris in 1867. He was for a short period editor-in-chief of
L’Indépendant du midi of Nîmes, but joined the staff of La
Rappel on its foundation, and worked subsequently on other
journals. He took an active part in municipal life, and waged a
keen campaign against the prefecture of police, for which he
suffered six months’ imprisonment. He entered the chamber of
deputies in 1885 as representative of the first arrondissement of
Paris and was rapporteur général of the budget of 1888. He
became minister of public works under the premiership of P. E.
Tirard in 1889, retaining his portfolio in the cabinet of C. L. de
Freycinet until 1892. Although of strong liberal views, he lost
his seat in the election of 1893 owing to his militant attitude
against socialism. An uncompromising free-trader, he published
La Comédie protectionniste (1905; Eng. trans. The Comedy of
Protection); La Science économique (1st ed. 1881; 3rd ed. 1907);
La Prostitution (1882); La Tyrannie socialiste (1893), all three
translated into English; Les Conflits du travail et leur solution
(1903); La Démocratie individualiste (1907).
GUYTON DE MORVEAU, LOUIS BERNARD, Baron (1737–1816),
French chemist, was born on the 4th of January 1737, at
Dijon, where his father was professor of civil law at the university.
As a boy he showed remarkable aptitude for practical
mechanics, but on leaving school he studied law in the university
of Dijon, and in his twenty-fourth year became advocate-general
in the parlement of Dijon. This office he held till 1782. Devoting
his leisure to the study of chemistry, he published in 1772 his
Digressions académiques, in which he set forth his views on
phlogiston, crystallization, &c., and two years later he established
in his native town courses of lectures on materia medica,
mineralogy and chemistry. An essay on chemical nomenclature,
which he published in the Journal de physique for May 1782, was
ultimately developed with the aid of A. L. Lavoisier, C. L.
Berthollet and A. F. Fourcroy, into the Méthode d’une nomenclature
chimique, published in 1787, the principles of which were
speedily adopted by chemists throughout Europe. Constantly in
communication with the leaders of the Lavoisierian school, he
soon became a convert to the anti-phlogistic doctrine; and he
published his reasons in the first volume of the section “Chymie,
Pharmacie et Metallurgie” of the Encyclopédie méthodique
(1786), the chemical articles in which were written by him, as
well as some of those in the second volume (1792). In 1794 he
was appointed to superintend the construction of balloons for
military purposes, being known as the author of some aeronautical
experiments carried out at Dijon some ten years previously.
In 1791 he became a member of the Legislative Assembly, and in
the following year of the National Convention, to which he was
re-elected in 1795, but he retired from political life in 1797. In
1798 he acted as provisional director of the Polytechnic School,
in the foundation of which he took an active part, and from 1800
to 1814 he held the appointment of master of the mint. In 1811
he was made a baron of the French Empire. He died in Paris on
the 2nd of January 1816.
Besides being a diligent contributor to the scientific periodicals of the day, Guyton wrote Mémoire sur l’éducation publique (1762); a satirical poem entitled Le Rat iconoclaste, ou le Jésuite croqué (1763); Discours publics et éloges (1775–1782); Plaidoyers sur plusieurs questions de droit (1785); and Traité des moyens de désinfecter l’air (1801), describing the disinfecting powers of chlorine, and of hydrochloric acid gas which he had successfully used at Dijon in 1773. With Hugues Maret (1726–1785) and Jean François Durande (d. 1794) he also published the Élémens de chymie théorique et pratique (1776–1777).
GUZMICS, IZIDÓR (1786–1839). Hungarian theologian, was
born on the 7th of April 1786 at Vámos-Család, in the county of
Sopron. At Sopron (Oedenburg) he was instructed in the art
of poetry by Paul Horváth. In October 1805 he entered the
Benedictine order, but left it in August of the following year,
only again to assume the monastic garb on the 10th of November
1806. At the monastery of Pannonhegy he applied himself to the
study of Greek under Farkas Tóth and in 1812 he was sent to
Pesth to study theology. Here he read the best German and
Hungarian authors, and took part in the editorship of the
Nemzeti (National) Plutarkus, and in the translation of Johann
Hübner’s Lexicon. On obtaining the degree of doctor of divinity
in 1816, he returned to Pannonhegy, where he devoted himself to
dogmatic theology and literature, and contributed largely to
Hungarian periodicals. The most important of his theological
works are: A kath. anyaszentegyháznak hitbeli tanitása (The
Doctrinal Teaching of the Holy Catholic Church), and A keresztényeknek
vallásbeli egyesülésökröl (On Religious Unity among
Christians), both published at Pesth in 1822; also a Latin
treatise entitled Theologia Christiana fundamentalis et theologia
dogmatica (4 vols., Györ, 1828–1829). His translation of
