Biblical literature and interpretation in Newton Theological Institution where his most important work was the introduction of the modern German methods of Biblical criticism, which he had learned from Moses Stuart at Andover and with which he made himself more familiar in Germany (especially under Tholuck at Halle) in 1841. He travelled in Egypt and Palestine in 1852, and in 1858–1859 in Greece, becoming proficient in modern Greek. From 1870 until his death in Rochester, New York, on the 2nd of November 1875, he was professor of Biblical literature and New Testament exegesis in the Rochester Theological Seminary. He was a great teacher but a greater critical and exegetical scholar.
He wrote Christian Memorials of the War (1864); an English version of Winer’s Grammar of the Chaldee Language (1844); Exercises in Hebrew Grammar (1847); and various articles on the Semitic language and literature in periodicals; but his best-known work was in general commentary on the Bible and translation, and in the special text study of the New Testament. Under these two headings fall: Illustrations of Scripture; suggested by a Tour through the Holy Land (1855); the American revision, with Ezra Abbot, of Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible, to the British edition of which he had contributed about thirty articles; Commentary on the Original Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1852; 2nd edition, 1858), for many years the best English commentary; Notes on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to Philemon, and a Revised Version of Philemon, both published in 1860; the English versions, in Schaff’s edition of Lange’s Commentaries, of Van Oosterzee’s Philemon and Braune’s Philippians; and for the American Bible Union Version of the Bible he translated the books of Ruth and Judges, and aided T. J. Conant in editorial revision; and he was one of the American translators for the English Bible revision.
See Memorials of Horatio Balch Hackett (Rochester, N.Y., 1876), edited by G. H. Whittemore.
HACKETT, JAMES HENRY (1800–1871), American actor,
was born in New York. After an unsuccessful entry into business,
in 1826 he went on the stage, where he soon established
a reputation as a player of eccentric character parts. As Falstaff
he was no less successful in England than in America. At various
times he went into management, and he was the author of Notes
and Comments on Shakespeare (1863).
His son, James Keteltas Hackett (1869– ), born at Wolfe Island, Ontario, and educated at the College of the City of New York, also became an actor. He came into prominence at the Lyceum in Daniel Frohman’s company, and afterwards had considerable success in romantic parts. As a manager he stood outside the American syndicate of theatres, and organized several companies to play throughout the United States. In 1897 he married Mary Mannering, the Anglo-American actress.
HACKLÄNDER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM VON (1816–1877),
German novelist and dramatist, was born at Burtscheid near
Aix-la-Chapelle on the 1st of November 1816. Having served
an apprenticeship in a commercial house, he entered the Prussian
artillery, but, disappointed at not finding advancement, returned
to business. A soldier’s life had a fascination for him, and he
made his début as an author with Bilder aus dem Soldatenleben
im Frieden (1841). After a journey to the east, he was appointed
secretary to the crown prince of Württemberg, whom he accompanied
on his travels. Wachtstubenabenteuer, a continuation of
his first work, appeared in 1845, and it was followed by Bilder
aus dem Soldatenleben im Kriege (1849–1850). As a result of a
tour in Spain in 1854, appeared Ein Winter in Spanien (1855).
In 1857 he founded, in conjunction with Edmund von Zoller, the
illustrated weekly, Über Land und Meer. In 1859 Hackländer
was appointed director of royal parks and public gardens at
Stuttgart, and in this post did much towards the embellishment
of the city. In 1859 he was attached to the headquarters staff
of the Austrian army during the Italian war; in 1861 he was
raised to an hereditary knighthood in Austria; in 1864 he retired
into private life, and died on the 6th of July 1877. Hackländer’s
literary talent is confined within narrow limits. There is much
in his works of lively, adventurous and even romantic description,
but the character-drawing is feeble and superficial.
Hackländer was a voluminous writer; the most complete edition of his works is the third, published at Stuttgart in 1876, in 60 volumes. There is also a good selection in 20 volumes (1881). Among his novels, Namenlose Geschichten (1851); Eugen Stillfried (1852); Krieg und Frieden (1859), and the comedies Der geheime Agent (1850) and Magnetische Kuren (1851) may be specially mentioned. His autobiography appeared in 1878 under the title, Der Roman meines Lebens (2 vols.). See H. Morning, Erinnerungen an F. W. Hackländer (1878).
HACKNEY, a north-eastern metropolitan borough of London,
England, bounded W. by Stoke Newington and Islington, and
S. by Shoreditch, Bethnal Green and Poplar, and extending N.
and E. to the boundary of the county of London. Pop. (1901),
219,272. It is a poor and populous district, in which the main
thoroughfares are Kingsland Road, continued N. as Stoke
Newington Road and Stamford Hill; Mare Street, continued
N.W. as Clapton Road to join Stamford Hill; and Lea Bridge
Road running N.E. towards Walthamstow and Low Leyton.
The borough includes the districts of Clapton in the north,
Homerton in the east, and Dalston and part of Kingsland in
the west. On the east lies the open flat valley of the Lea, which
flows in several branches, and is bordered, immediately outside
the confines of the borough, by the extensive reservoirs of the
East London water-works. In these low lands lie the Hackney
Marshes (338 acres; among several so-called marshes in the Lea
valley), and the borough also contains part of Victoria Park
and a number of open spaces collectively called the Hackney
Commons, including Mill Fields, Hackney Downs, London Fields,
&c. The total area of open spaces exceeds 500 acres. The
tower of the ancient parish church of St Augustine, with the
chapel of the Rowe family, still stands, and is the only historic
building of importance. Among institutions are the German
hospital, Dalston, Metropolitan hospital, Kingsland Road, and
Eastern Fever hospital, Homerton; and the Hackney polytechnic
institute, with which is incorporated the Sir John Cass institute.
Cass (1666–1718), a merchant of the city of London, also a
member of parliament and sheriff, bequeathed £1000 for the
foundation of a free school; in 1732 the bequest was increased
in accordance with an unfinished codicil to his will; and the
income provided from it is now about £6000, some 250 boys and
girls being educated. The parliamentary borough of Hackney
comprises north, central and south divisions, each returning one
member; and the northern division includes the metropolitan
borough of Stoke Newington. The metropolitan borough of
Hackney includes part of the Hornsey parliamentary division of
Middlesex. The borough council consists of a mayor, 10 aldermen
and 60 councillors. Area, 3288·9 acres.
In the 13th century the name appears as Hackenaye or Hacquenye, but no certain derivation is advanced. Roman and other remains have been found in Hackney Marshes. In 1290 the bishop of London was lord of the manor, which was so held until 1550, when it was granted to Thomas, Lord Wentworth. In 1697 it came into the hands of the Tyssen family. Extensive property in the parish also belonged to the priory of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem at Clerkenwell. From the 16th to the early 19th century there were many fine residences in Hackney. The neighbourhood of Hackney had at one time an evil reputation as the haunt of highwaymen.
HACKNEY (from Fr. haquenée, Lat. equus, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the English “hack” is
simply an abbreviation), originally a riding-horse. At the
present day, however, the hackney (as opposed to a thoroughbred)
is bred for driving as well as riding (see Horse: Breeds).
From the hiring-out of hackneys, the word came to be associated
with employment for hire (so “a hack,” as a general term for
“drudge”), especially in combination, e.g. hackney-chair,
hackney-coach, hackney-boat. The hackney-coach, a coach
with four wheels and two horses, was a form of hired public
conveyance (see Carriage).
HADAD, the name of a Syrian deity, is met with in the Old
Testament as the name of several human persons; it also occurs
in compound forms like Benhadad and Hadadezer. The divinity
primarily denoted by it is the storm-god who was known also
as Ramman, Bir and Dadda. The Syrian kings of Damascus
seem to have habitually assumed the title of Benhadad, or son
of Hadad (three of this name are mentioned in Scripture), just
as a series of Egyptian monarchs are known to have been
