deadly feuds, and revenge is a duty and an inheritance. Though they are mainly dependent on the chase for food, their weapons are still the spear and the bow, the latter being made of wood and strung with bamboo. In marriage no avoidance of similarity of name is required. The bride’s face is tattooed according to a pattern furnished by the bridegroom. Their funeral mourning consists of abstaining from drink and eating raw beef, and they use a wooden log for a coffin. When sick they sacrifice oxen. In the spring-time there is a festival in which the men and women from neighbouring settlements move about in gay clothing hand in hand and singing songs. The whole population of the island is estimated at about 212 millions. At its first conquest 23,000 families were introduced from the mainland. In 1300 the Chinese authorities assign 166,257 inhabitants; in 1370, 291,000; in 1617, 250,524; and in 1835, 1,350,000.
It was in 111 B.C. that Lu-Po-Teh, general of the emperor Wu-ti, first made the island of Hainan subject to the Chinese, who divided it into the two prefectures, Tan-urh or Drooping Ear in the south, so-called from the long ears of the native “king,” and Chu-yai or Pearl Shore in the north. During the decadence of the elder branch of the Han dynasty the Chinese supremacy was weakened, but in A.D. 43 the natives were led by the success of Ma-yuan in Tong-king to make a new tender of their allegiance. About this time the whole island took the name of Chu-yai. In A.D. 627 the name of K‘iung-chow came into use. On its conquest by the generals of Kublai Khan in 1278 the island was incorporated with the western part of the province of Kwang-tung in a new satrapy, Hai-peh Hai-nan Tao, i.e. the circuit north of the sea and south of the sea. It was thus that Hai-nan-Tao, or district south of the sea or strait, came into use as the name of the island, which, however, has borne the official title of K‘iung-chow-fu, probably derived from the Kiung shan or Jade Mountains, ever since 1370, the date of its erection into a department of Kwang-tung. For a long time Hainan was the refuge of the turbulent classes of China and the place of deportation for delinquent officials. It was there, for example, that Su-She or Su-Tung-po was banished in 1097. From the 15th to the 19th century pirates made the intercourse with the mainland dangerous, and in the 17th they were considered so formidable that merchants were allowed to convey their goods only across the narrow Hainan Strait. Since 1863 the presence of English men-of-war has put an end to this evil. According to the treaty of Tientsin, the capital K’iung-chow and the harbour Hoi-how (Hai-Kow) were opened to European commerce; but it was not till 1876 that advantage was taken of the permission.
HAINAU (officially Haynau), a town of Germany, in the
Prussian province of Silesia, on the Schnelle Deichsa and the
railway from Breslau to Dresden, 12 m. N.W. of Liegnitz. Pop.
10,500. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church,
manufactories of gloves, patent leather, paper, metal ware
and artificial manures, and a considerable trade in cereals. Near
Hainau the Prussian cavalry under Blücher inflicted a defeat on
the French rearguard on the 26th of May 1813.
HAINAUT (Flem. Henegouwen, Ger. Hennegau), a province
of Belgium formed out of the ancient county of Hainaut. Modern
Hainaut is famous as containing the chief coal and iron mines
of Belgium. There are about 150,000 men and women employed
in the mines, and about as many more in the iron and steel works
of the province. About 1880 these numbers were not more than
half their present totals. The principal towns of Hainaut are
Mons, the capital, Charleroi, Tournai, Jumet and La Louvière.
The province is watered by both the Scheldt and the Sambre,
and is connected with Flanders by the Charleroi-Ghent canal.
The area of the province is computed at 930,405 acres or
1453 sq. m. In 1904 the population was 1,192,967, showing an
average of 821 per square mile.
Under the successors of Clovis Hainaut formed part, first of the kingdom of Metz, and then of that of Lotharingia. It afterwards became part of the duchy of Lorraine. The first to bear the title of count of Hainaut was Reginar “Long-Neck” (c. 875), who, later on, made himself master of the duchy of Lorraine and died in 916. His eldest son inherited Lower Lorraine, the younger, Reginar II., the countship of Hainaut, which remained in the male line of his descendants, all named Reginar, until the death of Reginar V. in 1036. His heiress, Richildis, married en secondes noces Baldwin VI. of Flanders, and, by him, became the ancestress of the Baldwin (VI. of Hainaut) who in 1204 was raised by the Crusaders to the empire of Constantinople. The emperor Baldwin’s elder daughter Jeanne brought the countship of Hainaut to her husbands Ferdinand of Portugal (d. 1233) and Thomas of Savoy (d. 1259). On her death in 1244, however, it passed to her sister Margaret, on whose death in 1279 it was inherited by her grandson, John of Avesnes, count of Holland (d. 1304). The countship of Hainaut remained united with that of Holland during the 14th and 15th centuries. It was under the counts William I. “the Good” (1304–1337), whose daughter Philippa married Edward III. of England, and William II. (1337–1345) that the communes of Hainaut attained great political importance. Margaret, who succeeded her brother William II. in 1345, by her marriage with the emperor Louis IV. brought Hainaut with the rest of her dominions to the house of Wittelsbach. Finally, early in the 15th century, the countess Jacqueline was dispossessed by Philip the Good of Burgundy, and Hainaut henceforward shared the fate of the rest of the Netherlands.
Authorities.—The Chronicon Hanoniense or Chronica Honnoniae of Giselbert of Mons (d. 1223–1225), chancellor of Count Baldwin V., covering the period between 1040 and 1195, is published in Pertz, Monum. Germ. (Hanover, 1840, &c.). The Chronicon Hanoniense, ascribed to Baldwin, count of Avesnes (d. 1289), and written between 1278 and 1281, was published under the title Hist. genealogica comitum Hannoniae, &c., at Antwerp (1691 and 1693) and Brussels (1722). The Annals of Jacques de Guise (b. 1334; d. 1399) were published by de Fortia d’Urban under the title, Histoire de Hainault par Jacques de Guyse, in 19 vols. (Paris, 1826–1838); C. Delacourt, “Bibliographie de l’hist. du Hainaut,” in the Annales du cercle archéologique de Mons, vol. v. (Mons, 1864); T. Bernier, Dict. géograph. historique, &c., de Hainault (Mons, 1891). See also Ulysse Chevalier, Répertoire des sources s.v.
HAINBURG, or Haimburg, a town of Austria, in Lower
Austria, 38 m. E.S.E of Vienna by rail. Pop. (1900), 5134.
It is situated on the Danube, only 212 m. from the Hungarian
frontier, and since the fire of 1827 Hainburg has been much
improved, being now a handsomely built town. It has one of
the largest tobacco manufactories in Austria, employing about
2000 hands, and a large needle factory. It occupies part of the
site of the old Celtic town Carnuntum (q.v.). It is still surrounded
by ancient walls, and has a gate guarded by two old towers.
There are numerous Roman remains, among which may be
mentioned the altar and tower at the town-house, on the latter
of which is a statue, said to be of Attila. A Roman aqueduct
is still used to bring water to the town. On the neighbouring
Hainberg is an old castle, built of Roman remains, which appears
in German tradition under the name of Heimburc; it was wrested
from the Hungarians in 1042 by the emperor Henry III. At the
foot of the same hill is a castle of the 12th century, where Ottakar
of Bohemia was married to Margaret of Austria in 1252; earlier
it was the residence of the dukes of Babenberg. Outside the
town, on an island in the Danube, is the ruined castle of Röthelstein
or Rothenstein, held by the Knights Templars. Hainburg
was besieged by the Hungarians in 1477, was captured by
Matthias Corvinus in 1482, and was sacked and its inhabitants
massacred by the Turks in 1683.
HAINICHEN, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Saxony,
on the Kleine Striegis, 15 m. N.E. of Chemnitz, on the railway
to Rosswein. Pop. (1905), 7752. It has two Evangelical
churches, a park, and commercial and technical schools.
Hainichen is a place of considerable industry. Its chief manufacture
is that of flannels, baize, and similar fabrics; indeed
it may be called the centre of this industry in Germany. The
special whiteness and excellence of the flannel made in Hainichen
are due to the peculiar nature of the water used in the manufacture.
There are also large dye-works and bleaching establishments.
Hainichen is the birthplace of Gellert, to whose
memory a bronze statue was erected in the market-place in 1865.
The Gellert institution for the poor was erected in 1815.
