of the chief promoters of the petition to the king for patents to colonize Virginia. He was also a leading adventurer in the London or South Virginia Company. His last publication was a translation of Fernando de Soto’s discoveries in Florida, entitled Virginia richly valued by the description of Florida her next neighbour (London, 1609, 4to). This work was intended to encourage the young colony of Virginia; to Hakluyt, it has been said, “England is more indebted for its American possession than to any man of that age.” We may notice that it was at Hakluyt’s suggestion that Robert Parke translated Mendoza’s History of China (London, 1588–1589) and John Pory made his version of Leo Africanus (A Geographical History of Africa, London, 1600). Hakluyt died in 1616 (November 23rd) and was buried in Westminster Abbey (November 26th); by an error in the abbey register his burial is recorded under the year 1626. Out of his various emoluments and preferments (of which the last was Gedney rectory, Lincolnshire, in 1612) he amassed a small fortune, which was squandered by a son. A number of his MSS., sufficient to form a fourth volume of his collections of 1598–1600, fell into the hands of Samuel Purchas, who inserted them in an abridged form in his Pilgrimes (1625–1626, fol.). Others are preserved at Oxford (Bib. Bod. MS. Seld. B. 8). which consist chiefly of notes gathered from contemporary authors.
Besides the MSS. or editions noticed in the text (Divers Voyages (1582); Particuler Discourse (1584); Laudonnière’s Florida (1587); Peter Martyr, Decades (1587); Principal Navigations (1589 and 1598–1600); Galvano’s Discoveries (1601); De Soto’s Florida record, the Virginia richly valued (1609, &c.), we may notice the Hakluyt Society’s London edition of the Divers Voyages in 1850, the edition of the Particuler Discourse, by Charles Deane in the Collections of the Maine Historical Society (Cambridge, Mass., 1870, with an introduction by Leonard Woods); also, among modern issues of the Principal Navigations, those of 1809 (5 vols., with much additional matter), and of 1903–1905 (Glasgow, 12 vols.). The new title-page issued for the first volume of the final edition of the Principal Navigations, in 1599, merely cancelled the former 1598 title with its reference to the Cadiz expedition of 1596; but from this has arisen the mistaken supposition that a new edition was then (1599) published. Hakluyt’s Galvano was edited for the Hakluyt Society by Admiral C. R. D. Bethune in 1862. This Society, which was founded in 1846 for printing rare and unpublished voyages and travels, includes the Glasgow edition of the Principal Navigations in its extra series, as well as C. R. Beazley’s edition of Carpini, Rubruquis, and other medieval texts from Hakluyt (Cambridge, 1903, 1 vol.). Reckoning in these and an issue of Purchas’s Pilgrimes by the Glasgow publisher of the Hakluyt of 1903–1905, the society has now published or “fathered” 150 vols. See also Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America, being Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations, by E. J. Payne (Oxford, 1880; 1893; new edition by C. R. Beazley, 1907).
For Hakluyt’s life the dedications of the 1589 and 1598 editions of the Principal Navigations should be especially consulted; also Winter Jones’s introduction to the Hakluyt Society edition of the Divers Voyages; Fuller’s Worthies of England, “Herefordshire”; Oxford Univ. Reg. (Oxford Hist. Soc.), ii., iii. 39; Historical MSS. Commission, 4th report, appendix, p. 614, the last giving us the Towneley MSS. referring to payments (prizes?) awarded to Hakluyt when at Oxford, May 12th and June 4th, 1575. (C. H. C.; C. R. B.)
HAKODATE, a town on the south of the island of Yezo,
Japan, for many years regarded as the capital of the island
until Sapporo was officially raised to that rank. Pop. (1903)
84,746. Its position, as has been frequently remarked, is not
unlike that of Gibraltar, as the town is built along the north-western
base of a rocky promontory (1157 ft. in height) which
forms the eastern boundary of a spacious bay, and is united to
the mainland by a narrow sandy isthmus. The summit of the
rock, called the Peak, is crowned by a fort. Hakodate is one of
the ports originally opened to foreign trade. The Bay of Hakodate,
an inlet of Tsugaru Strait, is completely land-locked, easy
of access and spacious, with deep water almost up to the shore,
and good holding-ground. The Russians formerly used Hakodate
as a winter port. The staple exports are beans, pulse and peas,
marine products, sulphur, furs and timber; the staple imports,
comestibles (especially salted fish), kerosene and oil-cake. The
town is not situated so as to profit largely by the development of
the resources of Yezo, and as a port of foreign trade its outlook
is indifferent. Frequent steamers connect Hakodate and
Yokohama and other ports, and there is daily communication with
Aomori, 56 m. distant, whence there is rail-connexion with
Tokyo. Hakodate was opened to American commerce in 1854.
In the civil war of 1868 the town was taken by the rebel fleet,
but it was recovered by the mikado in 1869.
HAL, a town of Brabant, Belgium, about 9 m. S.W. of Brussels,
situated on the river Senne and the Charleroi canal. Pop. (1904)
13,541. The place is interesting chiefly on account of its fine
church of Notre Dame, formerly dedicated to St Martin. This
church, a good example of pure Gothic, was begun in 1341 and
finished in 1409. Its principal ornament is the alabaster altar,
by J. Mone, completed in 1533. The bronze font dates from
1446. Among the monuments is one in black marble to the
dauphin Joachim, son of Louis XI., who died in 1460. In the
treasury of the church are many costly objects presented by
illustrious personages, among others by the emperor Charles V.,
King Henry VIII. of England, Charles the Bold of Burgundy,
and several popes. The church is chiefly celebrated, however,
for its miraculous image of the Virgin. Legend says that during
a siege the bullets fired into the town were caught by her in the
folds of her dress. Some of these are still shown in a chest that
stands in a side chapel. In consequence of this belief a great
pilgrimage, attended by many thousands from all parts of
Belgium, is paid annually to this church. The hôtel de ville
dates from 1616 and has been restored with more than ordinary
good taste.
HALA, or Halla (formerly known as Murtazabad), a town of
British India in Hyderabad district, Sind. Pop. (1901) 4985.
It has long been famous for its glazed pottery and tiles, made
from a fine clay obtained from the Indus, mixed with powdered
flints. The town has also a manufacture of susis or striped
trouser-cloths.
HALAESA, an ancient town on the north coast of Sicily,
about 14 m. E. of Cephaloedium [Cefalu], to the east of the
modern Castel di Tusa, founded in 403 B.C. by Archonides,
tyrant of Herbita, whose name it sometimes bore: we find, e.g.
Halaisa Archonida on a coin of the time of Augustus (Corp. inscrip. Lat.
x., Berlin, 1883, p. 768). It was the first town to
surrender to the Romans in the First Punic War, and was granted
freedom and immunity from tithe. It became a place of some
importance in Roman days, especially as a port, and entirely
outstripped its mother city. Halaesa is the only place in Sicily
where an inscription dedicated to a Roman governor of the
republican period (perhaps in 93 B.C.) has come to light. (T. As.)
HALAKHA, or Halacha (literally “rule of conduct”), the
rabbinical development of the Mosaic law; with the haggada
it makes up the Talmud and Midrash (q.v.). As the haggada
is the poetic, so the halakha is the legal element of the Talmud
(q.v.), and arose out of the faction between the Sadducees, who
disputed the traditions, and the Pharisees, who strove to prove
their derivation from scripture. Among the chief attempts to
codify the halakha were the Great Rules (Halakhoth Gedoloth)
of Simon Kayyara (9th century), based on the letters written by
the Gaonim, the heads of the Babylonian schools, to Jewish
inquirers in many lands, the work of Jacob Alfassi (1013–1103),
the Strong Hand of Maimonides (1180), and the Table Prepared
(Shulḥan Aruch) of Joseph Qaro (1565), which from its practical
scope and its clarity as a work of general reference became the
universal handbook of Jewish life in many of its phases. (I. A.)
HALBERSTADT, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Saxony, 56 m. by rail N.W. of Halle, and 29 S.W. of Magdeburg. It lies in a fertile country to the north of the Harz Mountains, on the Holzemme, at the junction of railways to Halle, Goslar and Thale. Pop. (1905) 45,534. The town has a medieval appearance, many old houses decorated with beautiful wood-carving still surviving. The Gothic cathedral (now Protestant), dating from the 13th and 14th centuries, is remarkable for the majestic impression made by the great height of the interior, with its slender columns and lofty, narrow aisles. The treasure, preserved in the former chapter-house, is rich in reliquaries, vestments and other objects of medieval church art. The beautiful spires, which had become unsafe, were rebuilt in 1890–1895. Among the other churches the only one of special interest is the Liebfrauenkirche (Church of Our Lady),
