anatomical, pathological and physical institutes, hospitals, an agricultural institute—one of the foremost institutions of the kind in Germany—a meteorological institute, an observatory and a library of 180,000 printed volumes and 800 manuscripts. Among other educational establishments must be mentioned the Francke’sche Stiftungen, founded in 1691 by August Hermann Francke (1663–1727), a bronze statue of whom by Rauch was erected in 1829 in the inner court of the building. They embrace an orphanage, a laboratory where medicines are prepared and distributed, a Bible press from which Bibles are issued at a cheap rate, and eight schools of various grades, attended in all by over 3000 pupils. The other principal institutions are the city gymnasium, the provincial lunatic asylum, the prison, the town hospital and infirmary, and the deaf and dumb institute. The salt-springs of Halle have been known from a very early period. Some rise within the town and others on an island in the Saale; and together their annual yield of salt is about 8500 tons.
The workmen employed at the salt-works are of a peculiar race and are known as the Halloren. They have been usually regarded as descendants of the original Wendish inhabitants, or as Celtic immigrants, with an admixture of Frankish elements. They wear a distinct dress, the ordinary costume of about 1700, observe several ancient customs, and enjoy certain exemptions and privileges derived from those of the ancient Pfannerschaft (community of the salt-panners).
Among the other industries of Halle are sugar refining, machine building, the manufacture of spirits, malt, chocolate, cocoa, confectionery, cement, paper, chicory, lubricating and illuminating oil, wagon grease, carriages and playing cards, printing, dyeing and coal mining (soft brown coal). The trade, which is supervised by a chamber of commerce, is very considerable, the principal exports being machinery, raw sugar and petroleum. Halle is also noted as the seat of several important publishing firms. The Bibelanstalt (Bible institution) of von Castein is the central authority for the revision of Luther’s Bible, of which it sells annually from 60,000 to 70,000 copies.
Halle is first mentioned as a fortress erected on the Saale in 806 by Charles, son of Charlemagne, during his expedition against the Sorbs. The place was, however, known long before, and owes its origin as well as its name to the salt springs (Halis). In 968 Halle, with the valuable salt works, was given by the emperor Otto I. to the newly founded archdiocese of Magdeburg, and in 981 Otto II. gave it a charter as a town. The interests of the archbishop were watched over by a Vogt (advocatus) and a burgrave, and from the first there were separate jurisdictions for the Halloren and the German settlers in the town, the former being under that of the Salzgraf (comes salis), the latter of a Schultheiss or bailiff, both subordinate to the burgrave. The conflict of interests and jurisdictions led to the usual internecine strife during the middle ages. The panners (Pfänner) of the Tal, feudatories or officials, became a close hereditary aristocracy in perpetual rivalry with the gilds in the town; and both resisted the pretensions of the archbishops. At the beginning of the 12th century Halle had attained considerable importance, and in the 13th and 14th centuries as a member of the Hanseatic League it carried on successful wars with the archbishops of Magdeburg; and in 1435 it resisted an army of 30,000 men under the elector of Saxony. Its liberty perished, however, as a result of the internal feud between the democratic gilds and the patrician panners. On the 20th of September 1478 a demagogue and cobbler named Jakob Weissak, a member of the town council, with his confederates opened the gates to the soldiers of the archbishop. The townsmen were subdued, and to hold them in check the archbishop, Ernest of Saxony, built the castle of Moritzburg. Notwithstanding the efforts of the archbishops of Mainz and Magdeburg, the Reformation found an entrance into the city in 1522; and in 1541 a Lutheran superintendent was appointed. After the peace of Westphalia in 1648 the city came into the possession of the house of Brandenburg. In 1806 it was stormed and taken by the French, after which, at the peace of Tilsit, it was united to the new kingdom of Westphalia. After the battle between the Prussians and French, in May 1813, it was taken by the Prussians. The rise of Leipzig was for a long time hurtful to the prosperity of Halle, and its present rapid increase in population and trade is principally due to its position as the centre of a network of railways.
See Dreyhaupt, Ausführliche Beschreibung des Saalkreises (Halle, 2 vols., 1755; 3rd edition, 1842–1844); Hoffbauer, Geschichte der Universität zu Halle (1806); Halle in Vorzeit und Gegenwart (1851); Knauth, Kurze Geschichte und Beschreibung der Stadt Halle (3rd ed., 1861); vom Hagen, Die Stadt Halle (1866–1867); Hertzberg, Geschichte der Vereinigung der Universitäten von Wittenberg und Halle (1867); Voss, Zur Geschichte der Autonomie der Stadt Halle (1874); Schrader, Geschichte der Friedrichs-Universität zu Halle (Berlin, 1894); Karl Hegel, Städte und Gilden der germanischen Völker (Leipzig, 1891), ii. 444–449.
HALLECK, FITZ-GREENE (1790–1867), American poet, was
born at Guilford, Connecticut, on the 8th of July 1790. By his
mother he was descended from John Eliot, the “Apostle to the
Indians.” At an early age he became clerk in a store at Guilford,
and in 1811 he entered a banking-house in New York.
Having made the acquaintance of Joseph Rodman Drake, in 1819
he assisted him under the signature of “Croaker junior” in
contributing to the New York Evening Post the humorous series
of “Croaker Papers.” In 1821 he published his longest poem,
Fanny, a satire on local politics and fashions in the measure of
Byron’s Don Juan. He visited Europe in 1822–1823, and after
his return published anonymously in 1827 Alnwick Castle, with
other Poems. From 1832 to 1841 he was confidential agent of
John Jacob Astor, who named him one of the trustees of the
Astor library. In 1864 he published in the New York Ledger
a poem of 300 lines entitled “Young America.” He died at
Guilford, on the 19th of November 1867. The poems of Halleck
are written with great care and finish, and manifest the possession
of a fine sense of harmony and of genial and elevated sentiments.
His Life and Letters, by James Grant Wilson, appeared in 1869. His Poetical Writings, together with extracts from those of Joseph Rodman Drake, were edited by Wilson in the same year.
HALLECK, HENRY WAGER (1815–1872), American general
and jurist, was born at Westernville, Oneida county, N.Y.,
in 1815, entered the West Point military academy at the age of
twenty, and on graduating in 1839 was appointed to the engineers,
becoming at the same time assistant professor of engineering
at the academy. In the following year he was made an assistant
to the Board of Engineers at Washington, from 1841 to 1846
he was employed on the defence works at New York, and in
1845 he was sent by the government to visit the principal
military establishments of Europe. After his return, Halleck
delivered a course of lectures on the science of war, published
in 1846 under the title Elements of Military Art and Science.
A later edition of this work was widely used as a text-book by
volunteer officers during the Civil War. On the outbreak of the
Mexican War in 1846, he served with the expedition to California
and the Pacific coast, in which he distinguished himself not only
as an engineer, but by his skill in civil administration and by his
good conduct before the enemy. He served for several years
in California as a staff officer, and as secretary of state under the
military government, and in 1849 he helped to frame the state
constitution of California, on its being admitted into the Union.
In 1852 he was appointed inspector and engineer of lighthouses,
and in 1853 was employed in the fortification of the Pacific
coast. In 1854 Captain Halleck resigned his commission and
took up the practice of law with great success. He was also
director of a quicksilver mine, and in 1855 he became president
of the Pacific & Atlantic railway. On the outbreak of the Civil
War he returned to the army as a major-general, and in
November 1861 he was charged with the supreme command in
the western theatre of war. There can be no question that his
administrative skill was mainly instrumental in bringing order
out of chaos in the hurried formation of large volunteer armies
in 1861, but the strategical and tactical successes of the following
spring were due rather to the skill and activity of his subordinate
generals Grant, Buell and Pope, than to the plans of the supreme
commander, and when he assumed command of the united forces
of these three generals before Corinth, the methodical slowness
of his advance aroused much criticism. In July, however, he
was called to Washington as general-in-chief of the armies. At
headquarters his administrative powers were conspicuous,
but he proved to be utterly wanting in any large grasp of the
military problem; the successive reverses of Generals McClellan,
Pope, Burnside and Hooker in Virginia were not infrequently
traceable to the defects of the general-in-chief. No co-ordination
of the military efforts of the Union was seriously undertaken by
Halleck, and eventually in March 1864 Grant was appointed to
