of the social life and popular habits of Edinburgh at its most interesting
epoch.
KAY, JOSEPH (1821–1878), English economist, was born at
Salford, Lancashire, on the 27th of February 1821. Educated
privately and at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to
the bar at the Inner Temple in 1848. He was appointed judge
of the Salford Hundred court of record in 1862 and in 1869 was
made a queen’s counsel. He is best known for a series of works
on the social condition of the poor in France, Switzerland,
Holland, Germany and Austria, the materials for which he
gathered on a four years’ tour as travelling bachelor of his
university. They were The Education of the Poor in England
and Europe (London, 1846); The Social Condition of the People
in England and Europe (London, 1850, 2 vols.); The Condition
and Education of Poor Children in English and in German Towns
(Manchester, 1853). He was also the author of The Law relating
to Shipmasters and Seamen (London, 1875) and Free Trade in
Land (1879, with a memoir). He died at Dorking, Surrey, on
the 9th of October 1878.
KAYAK, or Cayak, an Eskimo word for a fishing boat, in
common use from Greenland to Alaska. It has been erroneously
derived from the Arabic caique, supposed to have been applied
to the native boats by early explorers. The boat is made by
covering a light wooden framework with sealskin. A hole is
pierced in the centre of the top of the boat, and the kayaker (also
dressed in sealskin) laces himself up securely when seated to
prevent the entrance of water. The kayak is propelled like a
canoe by a double-bladed paddle. The name kayak is properly
only applied to the boat used by an Eskimo man—that used by
a woman is called an umiak.
KAYASTH, the writer caste of Northern India, especially
numerous and influential in Bengal. In 1901 their total
number in all India was more than two millions. Their claim
to be Kshattriyas who have taken to clerical work is not admitted
by the Brahmans. Under Mahommedan rule they learnt
Persian, and filled many important offices. They are now
eager students of English, and have supplied not only several
judges to the high court but also the first Hindu to be a member
of the governor-general’s council. In Bombay their place is
taken by the Prabhus, and in Assam by the Kalitas (Kolitas);
in Southern India there is no distinct clerical caste.
KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814–1876), English military
historian, was the son of Charles Kaye, a solicitor, and was
educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Addiscombe.
From 1832 to 1841 he was an officer in the Bengal Artillery,
afterwards spending some years in literary pursuits both in
India and in England. In 1856 he entered the civil service of
the East India Company, and when the government of India
was transferred to the British crown succeeded John Stuart
Mill as secretary of the political and secret department of the
India office. In 1871 he was made a K.C.S.I. He died in
London on the 24th of July 1876. Kaye’s numerous writings
include History of the Sepoy War in India (London, 1864–1876),
which was revised and continued by Colonel G. B. Malleson and
published in six volumes in 1888–1889; History of the War in
Afghanistan (London, 1851), republished in 1858 and 1874;
Administration of the East India Company (London, 1853); The
Life and Correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe (London, 1854);
The Life and Correspondence of Henry St George Tucker (London,
1854); Life and Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm (London,
1856); Christianity in India (London, 1859); Lives of Indian
Officers (London, 1867); and two novels, Peregrine Pultney and
Long engagements. He also edited several works dealing with
Indian affairs; wrote Essays of an Optimist (London, 1870); and
was a frequent contributor to periodicals.
KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845– ),
German geologist and palaeontologist, was born at Königsberg,
on the 26th of March 1845. He was educated at Berlin where he
took his degree of Ph.D. in 1870. In 1882 he became professor
of geology in the university at Marburg. He investigated
fossils of various ages and from all parts of the world, but more
especially from the Palaeozoic formations, including those of
South Africa, the Polar regions, and notably the Devonian
fossils of Germany, Bohemia and other parts of Europe.
Among his separate works are Lehrbuch der Geologie (2 vols., ii.), Geologische Formationskunde 1891 (2nd ed., 1902), and i. Allgemeine Geologie (1893), vol. ii. (the volume first issued) was translated and edited by P. Lake, 1893, under the title Textbook of Comparative Geology. Another work is Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Siegenschen Grauwacke (1892).
KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS, Bart.
(1804–1877), English politician and educationalist, was born at Rochdale, Lancashire, on the 20th of July 1804, the son of
Robert Kay. At first engaged in a Rochdale bank, in 1824 he
became a medical student at Edinburgh University. Settling
in Manchester about 1827, he worked for the Ancoats and
Ardwick Dispensary, and the experience which he thus gained
of the conditions of the poor in the Lancashire factory districts,
together with his interest in economic science, led to his appointment
in 1835 as poor law commissioner in Norfolk and Suffolk
and later in the London districts. In 1839 he was appointed
first secretary of the committee formed by the Privy Council
to administer the Government grant for the public education
in Great Britain. He is remembered as having founded at
Battersea, London, in conjunction with E. Carleton Tufnell, the
first training college for school teachers (1839–1840); and the
system of national school education of the present day, with its
public inspection, trained teachers and its support by state as
well as local funds, is largely due to his initiative. In 1842 he
married Lady Janet Shuttleworth, assuming by royal licence his
bride’s name and arms. A breakdown in his health led him to
resign his post on the committee in 1849, but subsequent
recovery enabled him to take an active part in the working of
the central relief committee instituted under Lord Derby,
during the Lancashire cotton famine of 1861–1865. He was
created a baronet in 1849. Until the end of his life he interested
himself in the movements of the Liberal party in Lancashire,
and the progress of education. He died in London on the 26th
of May 1877. His Physiology, Pathology and Treatment of
Asphyxia became a standard textbook, and he also wrote
numerous papers on public education.
His son, Sir Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth (b. 1844), became a well-known Liberal politician, sitting in parliament for Hastings from 1869 to 1880 and for the Clitheroe division of Lancashire from 1885 till 1902, when he was created Baron Shuttleworth. He was chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1886, and secretary to the Admiralty in 1892–1895.
KAZALA, or Kazalinsk, a fort and town in the Russian province of Syr-darya in West Turkestan, at the point where
the Kazala River falls into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its
mouth in Lake Aral, in 45° 45′ N. and 62° 7′ E., “at the junction,”
to quote Schuyler, “of all the trade routes in Central
Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here with the Khiva,
Bokhara and Tashkent roads.” Besides carrying on an active
trade with the Kirghiz of the surrounding country, it is of
growing importance in the general current of commerce. Pop.
(1897), 7600. The floods in the river make it an island in
spring; in summer it is parched by the sun and hot winds, and
hardly a tree can be got to grow. The streets are wide, but the
houses, as well as the fairly strong fort, are built of mud bricks.
KAZAÑ, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by the governments of Vyatka, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Nizhniy-Novgorod
and Kostroma. Area 24,601 sq. m. It belongs to
the basins of the Volga and its tributary the Kama, and by these
streams the government is divided into three regions; the first,
to the right of the main river, is traversed by deep ravines
sloping to the north-east, towards the Volga, and by two ranges
of hills, one of which (300 to 500 ft.) skirts the river; the second
region, between the left bank of the Volga and the left bank of
the Kama, is an open steppe; and the third, between the left
bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in
its eastern part the first region, and in its western part is covered
with forest. Marls, limestones and sandstones, of Permian or
Triassic age, are the principal rocks; the Jurassic formation
