cortes met, on the 29th of September, the opposition accused
King Carlos of complicity in grave financial scandals. It was
admitted that he had borrowed largely from the treasury, on
the security of his civil list, and the Republican deputies
accused him of endeavouring to assign the tobacco monopoly
to one of his own foreign creditors, in settlement of the debt.
Franco organized a coalition in defence of the Crown, but in
January 1907 business in the cortes was brought to a standstill
and many sittings ended in uproar. The attacks on the king
were repeated at the trial of the poet Guerra Junqueiro, who was
indicted for lese-majesté. All parties believed that the ministry
would fall, and the rotations prepared once more to divide the
spoils of office, when, on the 2nd of May 1907, João Franco
reconstructed his cabinet, secured the dissolution of the cortes
and announced that certain bills still under discussion would
receive the force of law. His partisans in the press hailed
the advent of a second Pombal, and their enthusiasm was
shared by many enlightened Portuguese, who had previously
held aloof from politics but now rallied to the support of an
honest dictator. Backed by these forces, as well as by the king
and the army, Franco effected some useful reforms. But his
opponents included not only the Republicans, the professional
politicians and those officials who feared inquiry, but also the
magistracy, the district and municipal councils, and the large
body of citizens who still believed in parliamentary government.
The existing debt owed by D. Carlos to the nation was assessed
at £154,000. This sum was ostensibly paid by the transference
to the treasury of the royal yacht “Amelia” and certain palaces;
but the cost and upkeep of the “Amelia” had been paid with
public money, while the palaces had long been maintained as state
property. These transactions, though perhaps necessary to
save the credit of the sovereign at the least possible cost,
infuriated the opposition. Newspapers and politicians openly
advocated rebellion; Franco had recourse to coercion. Seditious
journals were suppressed; gaols and fortresses were crowded
with prisoners; the upper house, which was hostile to the
dictator, was deprived of its judicial powers and reconstituted
on a less democratic basis (as in 1826); the district and municipal
councils were dissolved and replaced by administrative
commissions nominated by the Crown (Jan. 1, 1908).
The ministerial press from time to time announced the discovery
of sensational plots against the king and the dictator.
It is, however, uncertain whether the assassination
of King Carlos and the crown prince (see Carlos I.),
on the 1st of February 1908, was part of a widelyAssassination of King Carlos. Accession
of Manoel.
organized conspiracy; or whether it was the act of
an isolated band of fanatics, unconnected with any
political party. The republican press applauded the murder;
the professional politicians benefited by it. But the regicide
Buica and his associates probably acted on their own initiative.
The immediate results were the accession of Prince Manoel or
Manuel (Emanuel II.) to the throne and the resignation of
Franco, who sailed for Genoa. A coalition ministry, representing
all the monarchist parties, was formed under the presidency of
Admiral Ferreira do Amaral. The administrative commissions
appointed by Franco were dissolved; the civil list was reduced;
the upper house was reconstituted. A general election took
place; in April the cortes met and the balance of power between
Progressives and Regenerators was restored. On the 6th of
May 1908 D. Manoel swore to uphold the constitution and was
acclaimed king by the cortes. His uncle D. Affonso (b. 1865)
took a similar oath as crown prince on the 22nd of March 1910.
The failure of the dictatorship and the inability of the
monarchists to agree upon any common policy had discredited
the existing régime, and at the general election of
August 1910 the Republican candidates in Lisbon
and Oporto were returned by large majorities. OnThe Revolution
of 1910.
the 3rd of October the murder of a distinguished Republican
physician, Dr Miguel Bombarda, precipitated the revolution
which had been organized to take place in Lisbon ten days
later. The Republican soldiers in Lisbon, aided by armed
civilians and by the warships in the Tagus, attacked the loyal
garrison and municipal guards, shelled the Necessidades Palace,
and after severe street-fighting (Oct. 4th-6th) became masters
of the capital. The king escaped to Ericeira, and thence, with
the other members of the royal family, to Gibraltar. Soon
afterwards they travelled undisturbed to England, where
the king was received by the duke of Orleans. Throughout
Portugal the proclamation of a republic was either
welcomed or accepted without further resistance. A provisional
government was formed under the presidency of Dr
Theophilo Braga (b. 1843), a native of the Azores, who had
since 1865 been prominent among Portuguese men of letters
(see Literature, below). The new government undertook to
carry out part of the Republican programme before summoning
a constituent assembly to remodel the constitution. Among
its most important acts were the expulsion of the religious congregations
which had returned after 1834, the nationalization
of their property, and the abolition, by decree, of the council
of state, the upper house and all hereditary titles or privileges.
The Republ ican programme also included the separation of
Church and State, and the concession of local autonomy (on
federal lines, if possible) to the provinces and colonies of Portugal.
Bibliography.—1. Sources.—There are separate articles on the Portuguese 15th- and 16th-century chroniclers, G. E. de Azurara, J. de Barros, D. de Goes, F. Lopes, J. Osorio da Fonseca, R. de Pina, G. de Resende and L. de Sousa, and on the 19th-century historians, A. Herculano and J. P. Oliveira Martins. The most important collections of documents are Collecçāo dos livros ineditos, &c., ed. J. F. Correa da Serra (11 vols., Lisbon, 1790–1804); Quadro elementar das relações politicos e diplomaticas de Portugal, ed. first by the Viscount de Santarem (1856–1861) and afterwards, under the title of Corpo diplomatico portuguez, by L. A. Rebello da Silva (vols. i.–iv.), J. J. da Silva Mendes Leal (v.–ix.) and J. C. de Freitas Moniz (x., &c.). The Collecçāo de tratados, &c. (30 vols., Lisbon, 1856–1879), was ed. successively by Viscount J. F. Borges de Castro and J. Judice Biker; it was continued by the Royal Academy as the Nova collecçāo de tratados (2 vols., Lisbon, 1890–1891). See also Portugaliae monumenta historica, ed. A. Herculano and J. J. da Silva Mendes Leal (12 parts, Lisbon, 1856–1897); Diogo Barbosa Machado, Bibliotheca lusitana (4 vols., Lisbon, 1741–1759); Innocencio da Silva and (after vol. x.) P. W. de Brito Aranha, Diccionario bibliographic portuguez (Lisbon, 1858, &c.). Periodicals containing valuable historical matter are the Archivo historico portuguez (Lisbon, 1903, &c.), the Boletim of the Lisbon Geographical Society (1873, &c.), and Portugalia (Oporto, 1898, &c.).
2. General Histories.—The Historia de Portugal, by J. P. Oliveira Martins (2 vols., 4th ed., Lisbon, 1901), is a series of brilliant impressionist studies. There is a popular illustrated Historia de Portugal, by A. Ennes, M. Pinheiro Chagas and others, in 37 parts (Lisbon, 1877–1883). See also H. Morse Stephens, Portugal, 4th ed., with additional chapter on the reign of D. Carlos, by Martin Hume (London, 1908); E. MacMurdo, History of Portugal (2 vols., London, 1888–1889); H. Schaefer, Geschichte von Portugal (5 vols., 2nd ed., Hamburg, 1874).
3. Special Periods.—A. Herculano’s classic Historia de Portugal (4 vols., Lisbon, 1846–1853) covers the period up to 1279. H. da Gama Barros, Historia da administração publica em Portugal nos seculos XII. á XV. (2 vols., Lisbon, 1895–1896) is a scientific study of the highest value. For the periods 1415–1460 and 1750–1777, see the authorities quoted under Henry the Navigator, and Pombal. A critical bibliography for the period 1460–1580 is given by K. G. Jayne, in Vasco da Garna, &c. (London, 1910). For later history, see L. A. Rebello da Silva, Historia de Portugal nos seculos XVII. e XVIII. (5 vols., Lisbon, 1860–1871); J. M. Latino Coelho, Historia de Portugal desde os, fins do XVIII. .reculo até 1814 (3 vols., Lisbon, 1874–1891); the authorities cited under Peninsular War; S. J. da Luz Soriano, Historia do guerraem Portugal (19 vols., Lisbon, 1866–1890); J. P. Oliveira Martins, Portugal contemporaneo (1826–1868), (2 vols., 4th ed., Lisbon, 1906); J. L. Freire de Carvalho, Memorias . . . para . . . a usurpagéo de D. Miguel (4 vols., Lisbon, 1841–1849); Sir C. Napier, An Account of the War . . . . between D. Pedro and D. Miguel, (2 vols., London, 1835); W. Bollaert, The Wars of Succession of Portugal and Spain, from 1821 to 1840 (2 vols., London, 1870). (K. G. J.)
Literature
The Portuguese language can be most conveniently described in relation to the other languages of the Peninsula (see Spain: Language). Portuguese literature is distinguished by the wealth and variety of its lyric poetry, by its primacy in bucolic verse and prose, by the number of its epics and historical books, by the relative slightness of the epistolary element, and by the almost complete absence of the memoir. Rich as its romanceiro is, its volume is far less than the Spanish, but the cancioneiros
