by Hermbstadt (Berlin, 1793). The treatise on Air and Fire appeared in German, Leipzig and Upsala in 1777, and again in 1782; in English, by j. R. Forster (London, 1780); and in French, by Dietrich (Paris, 1781).
SCHEELITE, a mineral consisting of calcium tungstate,
CaWO4. It was early known as “ tungsten ” (meaning in
Swedish, “heavy stone ”), and is the mineral in which K. W.
Scheele discovered tungstic acid, hence the name scheelite.
Well-developed crystals are not infrequent; they usually have
the form of acute tetragonal bi pyramids (P in fig.); sometimes
other pyramid-faces are present, and these (g and n) being
developed on only one side of P indicate
the parallel-faced hemihedrism of the
crystals. Compact and granular masses
also occur. The colour is usually yellowish white or brownish, the crystals sometimes
transparent to translucent; the lustre
vitreous to adamantine. The hardness is
4%, the specific gravity 6-o. Molybdenum
is usually present, replacing an equivalent amount of tungsten; and in a green
variety known as “ cupro-scheelite ” part
of the calcium is replaced by copper.
Scheelite usually occurs with topaz,
Huor, apatite, wolframite, &c., in tin bearing veins; and is sometimes found in association with gold. Fine crystals have been obtained from
Caldbeck Fells in Cumberland, Zinnwald and Elbogen in Bohemia, Guttannen in Switzerland, the Riesengebirge in Silesia, Dragoon Mountains inArizona and elsewhere. At Trumbull in Connecticut and Kimpu-san in japan large crystals of scheelite completely altered to wolframite have been found: those from japan have been called “ reinite."
SCHEEMAKERS, PETER (1691–1770), Flemish sculptor, was
born in Antwerp, and learnt his art from his father and from
Delvaux. After visiting Denmark and walking thence to Rome
for purposes of study, he returned on foot to the port of embarcation
for England, but stayed in London but a short while.
From 1728 to 1735 he again sojourned in Rome and then settled in
England, where he remained from 1735 to 1770, returning in
the latter year to his native city where he died a few months
afterwards. He worked for a time with Francis Bird, the pupil
of Grinling Gibbons. Fifteen of his works—monuments, figures
and busts—are in Westminster Abbey, two executed in collaboration
with his master Delvaux: the “ Hugh Chamberlen ”
(d. 1728, and therefore perhaps produced during his first visit to
London) and “ Catherine, duchess of Buckinghamshire.” He is
best, though not most creditably, known to fame by his monument
to Shakespeare (1740), but as this work was designed by
Kent the blame for the errors of taste therein displayed must
not be laid to Scheemakers' account. In addition to these
may be mentioned the monuments to Admiral Sir Charles
Wager, Vice-Admiral Watson, Lieut.-General Percy Kirk,
George Lord Viscount Howe, General Monck, and Sir Henry
Belasye. His busts of John Dryden (1720) and Dr Richard
Mead (1754), also in the Abbey, are among the best of
his smaller works. The most important of his monuments
elsewhere, as mentioned by Walpole, are those to the 1st and
2nd dukes of Ancaster at Edenham, Lincolnshire; Lord
Chancellor Hardwicke at Wimpole, Cambridgeshire; the duke
of Kent, his wives and daughters, at Fletton, Bedfordshire;
the earl of Shelburne, at Wycombe, Bucks; and the figure on
the sarcophagus to Montague Sherrard Drake, at Amersham.
Although less esteemed as an artist than Rysbrack and Roubiliac,
Scheemakers was a very popular and widely-employed sculptor
in his day, whose influence was considerable; he was the master
of Nollekens, and left a son, Thomas Scheemakers, who produced
a considerable amount of work, and exhibited in the Royal
Academy from 1782–1804.
See Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, vol. 3 (ed. 1876), and Dictionary of National Biography.
SCHEFER, LEOPOLD (1784–1862), German poet and novelist,
was born at Muskau in Lower Lusatia on the 30th of July 1784,
and educated at the gymnasium of Bautzen. In 1813, he was
appointed manager of the estates of Prince Pückler-Muskau (q.v.).
The prince, recognizing the literary abilities of the young man,
encouraged his early poetical efforts and gave him the means
to travel. After visiting England, Italy, Greece and Turkey,
Schefer returned in 1820 to Muskau, where he lived in easy
circumstances and with abundant leisure for his literary pursuits,
until his death on the 16th of February 1862. Schefer wrote a
large number of short stories which appeared in several series,
Novellen (5 vols., 1825–1829); Neue Novellen (4 vols., 1831–1835);
Lavabecher (2 vols., 1833); Kleine Romane (6 vols., 1836–1837).
The historical novel Die Gräfin Ulfeld (2 vols., 1834),
and the piquant satire, Die Sibylle von Mantua (1852), were
published separately. But Schefer is less known for his novels
which are lacking in plastic power and creative imagination,
than for a volume of charming poems, Laienbrevier (1834–1835).
These, owing to their warmth of feeling and fascinating descriptions
of the beauties of nature, at once established his fame as
a poet. This vein, in close imitation of his friend the poet
Richard Georg Spiller von Hauenschild, known under the
pseudonym Max Waldau (1822–1855), he followed in later years
with the poems Vigilien (1843), Der Weltpriester (1846), and
Hausreden (1869). His Hafis in Hellas (Hamburg, 1853) and
Koran der Liebe (Hamburg, 1855) contain with their glowing
descriptions of the East, original poetry of a high order.
A selection of Schefer's works, Ausgewählte Werke, in 12 vols., was published in 1845 (2nd ed., 1857). See J. Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im 19. Jahrhundert, vol. ii.; E. Brenning Leopold Schefer (1884); and L. Geiger in Dichter und Frauen (1896).
SCHEFFEL, JOSEPH VIKTOR VON (1826–1886), German
poet and novelist, was born at Karlsruhe on the 16th of February
1826. His father, a retired major in the Baden army, was a
civil engineer and member of the commission for regulating the
course of the Rhine; his mother, née Josephine Krederer, the
daughter of a prosperous tradesman at Oberndorf on the Neckar,
was a woman of great intellectual powers and of a romantic
disposition. Young Scheffel was educated at the lyceum at
Karlsruhe and afterwards (1843–1847) at the universities of
Munich, Heidelberg and Berlin. After passing the state examination
for admission to the judicial service, he graduated doctor
juris and for four years (1848–1852) held an official position at
Säckingen. Here he wrote his poem Der Trompeter von Säckingen
(1853), a romantic and humorous tale which immediately
gained extraordinary popularity. It has reached more than
250 editions. Scheffel next undertook a journey to Italy.
Returning home in 1853 he found his parents more than ever
anxious that he should continue his legal career. But in 1854,
defective eyesight incapacitated him; he quitted the government
service and took up his residence at Heidelberg, with the intention
of preparing himself for a post on the teaching staff of the
university. His studies were, however, interrupted by
eye-disease, and in search of health he proceeded to Switzerland and
took up his abode on the Lake of Constance, and elaborated the
plan of his famous historical romance Ekkehard (1857);
(Eng. trans, by S. Delffs, Leipzig, 1872). The first ideas for
this work he got from the Monumenta Germaniae. It gained
popularity hardly inferior to that of the Trompeter von Säckingen.
In 1901 it had reached the 179th edition. Scheffel next returned
to Heidelberg, and published Gaudeamus, Lieder aus dem Engeren
und Weiteren (1868), a collection of joyous and humorous songs,
the matter for which is taken partly from German legends,
partly from historical subjects. In these songs the author
shows himself the light-hearted student, a friend of wine and
song; and their success is unexampled in German literature
and encouraged numerous imitators. For two years (1857–1859)
Scheffel was custodian of the library of Prince Egon von Fürstenberg
at Donaueschingen, but giving up his appointment in 1859,
visited Joseph Freiherr von Lassberg, at Meersburg on the
Lake of Constance, stayed for a while with the grand duke
Charles Alexander of Saxe-Weimar at the Wartburg in Thuringia,
then, settling at Karlsruhe, he married in 1864 Caroline von
Malzen, and, in 1872, retired to his Villa Seehalde near Radolfzell
