Lehrbuch fur den Geschichtsunterricht in der Sekundarschule (Zurich, 1885), is very accurate and handy. Far more popular in style than any yet mentioned are Sutz's Schweizer-Geschichte fur das Volk erzahlt (La Chaux de Fonds, 1899), and A. Gobat, Histoire de la Suisse racontée au peuple (Neuchitel, 1900). A very attractive summary (including social and economical history) is given in H. Vulliéty's La Suisse d travers les dges (Basel and Geneva, 1901). ]. l-leierli's Urgeschichte der Schweiz (Zurich, 1901) has superseded all earlier works (such as Heer) on prehistoric Switzerland. The authentic early history of the Confederation (seealso TELL, Tsc11U1>1, and WINKELRIED) is admirably told in W. Oechsli's Die Anfange der sch-weizerischen Eidgenossenschaft (Zurich, 1891, also in French), as well as in the older work by A. Rilliet, Les Origines de la confédération suisse (2nd ed., Geneva and Basel, 1862). For the earlier medieval history (1273-1334) J. E. Kopp's eschichte der eidgenossischen Bunde (5 vols., Leipzig, Lucerne and Basel, 1845-1882) is a perfect storehouse of information, while the medieval political Swiss system in relation to the empire has been very clearly described by W. Oechsli in his article (published in vol. v., 1890, of Hilty's Politisches Jahrbuch) “ Die Beziehungen der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft zum Reiche bis zum Schwabenkrieg, 1499, " while the same writer's article (published in vo . xiii., 1888, of the Jahrbuch fur schweizerische Geschichte) “ Orte und Zugewandte, " gives an admirable account of the relations of many small districts and towns to the Swiss Confederation, as “ allies, ” from the earliest times to 1798. The two following works trace certain phenomena throughout Swiss history —P. Schweizer, Geschichte der schweizerischen Neutralitdt (Frauenfeld, 1895), and J. Schollenberger, Geschichte der schweizer. Politik (2 vols., F rauenfeld, 1906 and 1908). As to the more recent history of Switzerland (since 1798) see, besides various articles in Hilty's Jahrbuch, C. Hilty, Ojentliche Vorlesungen uber die Helvetik (Bern, 1878); W. Oechsli, Geschichte der Schweiz im xix. fahrhundert (vol. i., Leipzig, 1903, extends from 1798 to 1813); F. Burckhardt, Die schweizerische Emigration, 1798-1901 (Basel, 1908); B. van Muyden, La Suisse sous le pacte de 1815 (2 vols., 1815-1838, Lausanne, 1890-1891); G. H. Dufour, Der Sonderbunds-Krieg und die Ereignisse von 1856 in Neuenburg (Basel, 1876; also in French, Paris, 1876); G. Grote, Seven Letters concerning the Politics of Switzerland (1847, enlarged ed., London, 1876); T. Curti, Die schweizerischen Volksrechte, 1848-1900 (Bern, 1900);]. Schollenberger, Die Schweiz seit 1848 (Berlin, 1908); and the blue-book (London, 1848) entitled Correspondence Relative to the A fairs of Switzerland, with the following volumes of memoirs by Swiss statesmen: A. P. Segesser, Funf und vierzig Jahre im luzernischen Staatsdienst, 1841-1887 (Bern, 1887); ]. C. Kern, Souvenirs politiques, 1838-1883 (Bern, 1887>; and Numa Droz, Etudes et portraits politiques (Geneva, 1895), as well as lives of others. For the history of Switzerland in the 19th centur see T. Curti, Geschichte der Schweiz im xix. Jahrhundert (Neuchatelj 1902), and the work entitled La Suisse au xix"" siecle (3 vols., Lausanne, 1899-1900; also issued in German).
The following works are very useful for various departments of Swiss history: Genealogisches Handbuch zur schweizer Geschichte (in course of publication since 1900 at Zurich); P. Ganz, Geschichte der heraldischen Kunst in der Schweiz im xii. and Jahrhundert (Frauenfeld, 1899); E. Schulthess, Die Stadte- und Landes-Siegel der Schweiz (Zurich, 1853); P. Kupfer's Armorial des villes suisses (120 shields, Basel, 1885); A. Gautier, Les Armoiries et les couleurs de la confédération et des cantons suisses (2nd ed., Geneva and Basel, 1879); and L. Tobler's Schweizerische Volkslieder (2 vols., Frauenfeld, 1882-1884; many historical ballads, texts with introductions). The best historical atlas is the Historisch-geographischer Atlas der Schweiz by ]. C. Vogelin, G. Meyer von Knonau and G. von Wyss (new ed., Zurich, 1870), while L. Poirier-Delay and F. Mullhaupt's Historischer Atlas der Schweiz (Bern, 1898), and J. S. Gerster's small maps (Zurich, 1886) are also useful. There is a set of small Swiss historical maps in one sheet (No. 25) in Droysen's Allgemeiner historischer Atlas (Bielefeld, 1886), and a single general one (No. 44) in R. L. Poole's Historical Atlas of Modern Europe (Oxford,1902). For the pre-1798 constitution of Switzerland see ]. Simler, De Helvetiae republic (Zurich 1576; also in German and French), and Abraham Stanyan's An Account of Switzerland (London, 1714). The best and most recent works on the existing Swiss constitution of 1874 and its history are the large volume by W. Burckhardt, Kommentar der schweiz. Bundesverfassung von 1874 (Bern, 1905), and the smaller one by ]. Schollenberger, Bundesverfassung der Schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft. Kommentar mit Einleitung (Berlin, 1905), while the same author's Das Bundesstaatsrecht der schweiz. Geschichtc und System (Berlin, 1902) and his Grundriss der Staatsund Verwaltungsrechts der schweiz. Kantone (2 vols., Zurich, 18,98-1899) are clear, and, especially the last-named, very useful as to cantonal matters. In English there is nothing better than ].' M. Vincent's Government in Switzerland (New York and London, 1900), for the work by F. O. Adams and C. D. Cunningham is not very satisfactory, though better in its French edition (Basel and Geneva, 1890) than in its original English shape (London, 1889). The decisions of the Swiss Federal Tribunal as to Swiss constitutional law are collected (up to the end of 1902) in L. R. von Salis's Schweizerisches Bundesrecht (2nd ed., 5 vols., Bern, 1903-1904), while H. Ryffel's Die schvveizer. Landsgemeinden (Zurich, 1904) and T. Curti's Die schweizer. Volksrechte (Bern, 1900) touch on special sides of the subject. See, too, COMMUNE (Swiss) and REFERENDUM AND INITIATIVE. Many of the older works are still worth consulting, such as those by Snell (1839-1844), Stettler (1847), Ullmer (1862-1866), Pfaff (1870), Bluntschli (2nd ed., 1875), Meyer (1875-1878), Dubs (1878), Orelli (1885)» and Blumer (latest ed., vol. i., 1891; vols. ii. and iii., 1880-1887). There are also useful articles in Furrer's and Reichesberg's dictionaries. ]. ]. Blumer's Staatsund Rechtsgeschichte der schweiz. Demokratieen (2 vols., St Gall, 1850-1858) deals collectively with the old democratic cantons-Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Glarus, Zug and Appenzell-and is still very useful for local history; the special works as to the constitutional history of other cantons are mentioned in the articles relating to them. A general theoretical work on federal constitutions in general is L. le Fur's Etat Fédéral et Confédération d'états (Paris, 1896), vol. i. of a new German edition of which (prepared by the author with the help of P. Posener) appeared at Breslau in 1902; this is more up to date than E. A. F reeman's Federal Government (new ed. of vol. i., London, 1893), or than ]. B. Westerkamp's Staatenbund und Bundesstaat (Leipzig, 1900).
There is no really satisfactory general ecclesiastical history of Switzerland before the Reformation, though monographs abound, and much material has been collected in the Zeitschrift fur Schweizerische Kirchengeschichte (Stans, from 1907). E. E. Gelpke's Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz (2 vols., Bern, 1856-1861) is now out of date, and only includes the early portion of the period (it is written from a Protestant standpoint), while vol. ii. of B. F leischlin's Studien und Beitrage zur schweizer. Kirchengeschichte (Lucerne, 1902-1903) includes the period 800 to 1520, but is written from a strong Romanist point of view. ' As to the early history consult E. Egli's Die christlichen Inschriften der Schweiz von iv-ix. Jahrhundert (Zurich, 1895), and his Kirchengeschichte der Schweiz bis auf Karl den Grossen (Zurich, 1893); S. Guyer, Die christlichen Denkmdler des ersten Jahrtausends in der Schweiz (Leipzig, 1907); A. Lutolf, Die Glaubensboten der Schweiz vor St Gallus (Lucerne, 1871); and E. F. Gelpke, Die christliche Sagengeschichte der Schweiz (Bern, 1862). As to the medieval saints in Switzerland see E. A. Stuckelberg, Geschichte der Reliquien in der Schweiz (2 vols., Zurich and Basel, 1902 and 1908), and his Die schweiz. Heiligen des Mittelalters (Zurich, 1903), and J. Genoud's Les Saints de la Suisse française (new ed., 2 vols., Fribourg, 1897). For the documentary history of some of the medieval Swiss dioceses see Regesta episcoporum constantiensium, edited by P. Ladewig and T. Muller (2 vols., from 596 to 1383, as yet published, Innsbruck, 1895 and 1905); M. Besson, Recherches sur les origines des évéchés de eneve, Lausanne, et Sion (Fribourg, 1906), and L. Stoufi, Le Pouvoir temporal des évéques de Bale (2 vols., Paris, 1891). E. E. von Mulinen's Helvetia sacra (2 vols., Bern, 1858 and 1861) gives the succession of the various bishops, abbots, provosts, &c., but requires bringing up to date. For the medieval Swiss monasteries we have Die Regesten der Archive in der schweiz. Eidgenossenschaft (edited by T. von Mohr; 2 vols., Coire, 1851-1854), though it refers only to a few monasteries, for which it is indispensable, while Arnold Nuscheler's Die Gotteshduser der Schweiz (3 pts., Zurich, 1864-1873, continued by the author and others in the Geschichtsfreund and Argovia, complete index issued as an appendix to the Anzeiger fur schweizerische Geschichte, 1900) is most valuable and useful. Some of the great monasteries have histories of their own, such as Einsiedeln (q.v.), Engelberg (q.v.), and Muri, the last by Pater M. Kiem, Geschichte der Benedictiner-Abtei Muri (2 vols., Stans, 1888 and 1891). Two monographs may be mentioned: R. G. Bindschedler, Kirchliches Asylrecht und Freistdtten in der Schweiz (Stuttgart, 1906), and Augusta Steinberg, Studien zur Geschichte der Juden in der Schweiz wdhrend des M it tel alters (Zurich, 1903). For the Reformation and later times consult (on the Protestant side), besides biographies, &c., of Calvin and Zwingli (gg. v.), E. Bloesch, Geschichte der schweizerischreformierten Kirchen (2 vols., Bern, 1898-IBQQ); and W. Haclorn, Geschichte des Pietismus in der schweiz. reform. Kirchen (Constance, 1901), and the same author's Kirchengeschichte der reformierten Schweiz (since 1906). F. Meyer's work, Die evangelische Gerneinde in Locarno (2 vols., Zurich, 1836), treats of an important event of that period. The Romanist standpoint is presented in vols. iii. and iv. (1904 sq'q.) of Fleischlin's work mentioned above, and also in ]. G. Mayer s Das Conzil von Trient und die Gegenreformation in der Schweiz (2 vols., Stans, 1901 and 1903).
For more modern days the best book, especially from the constitutional side, is C. Gareis and P. Zorn, Staat und Kirche in der Schweiz (2 vols., Zurich, 1877-1878), which tells the story down to the date of publication. Special subjects are treated of in M. Kothing, Die Bisthumsverhandlungen der schweizerisch-konstanzischen Didzesanstdnde von 1803-1862 (Schwyz, 1863); F. Troxler, Der Kulturkampf von 1863-1888 (Bienne, 1889); Ch. Woeste, Histoire du Culturkampf en Suisse, 1871-1886 (Brussels, 1887, Romanist work); and P. Gschwind, Geschichte der Entstehung der christkatholischen Kirche der Schweiz (vol. i. appeared at Basel in 1904). The work by A. Biichi entitled Die katholische Kirche in der Schweiz (Munich, 1902) gives a full and authorized account of the present state of the Roman Catholic Church in Switzerland.
