to Aberystwyth, and the buildings are now used by the Connexion as a preparatory school for ministerial students.
The fortified station of Dinas occupies the summit of a hill about 2½ m. S.E. of Talgarth, and commands the mountain pass to Crickhowell and the eastern part of the vale of Usk. Its castle, built on the site of an earlier British fortress, was destroyed (according to Leland) by the inhabitants to prevent its falling into the hands of Glendower. The town was in the manor of English Talgarth, there being also a manor of Welsh Talgarth, in which Welsh laws prevailed.
TALIENWAN, an open bay or roadstead on the east side of the Liaotung peninsula, Manchuria. It was leased to Russia by China in 1898 with the naval fortress of Port Arthur, from which it is distant 40 m., the lease being transferred to Japan in 1905. The Russian town of Dalny (now Tairen) was built upon the west side of the bay, known as Port Victoria. Being ice-free all the year round, it has an advantage over Niuchwang, which is frozen up for four months in the year. Niuchwang, however, lies much nearer to the great producing and consuming districts of Manchuria. Talienwan is in railway connexion with Niuchwang and Peking and via the Siberian railway with Europe. It was the rendezvous of the British fleet during the Anglo-China war of 1860, whence the names Port Arthur and Port Victoria.
TALIESSIN, the name of a late 6th century British bard, of whom practically nothing is known except the attribution to him of the collection of poems known as the Book of Taliessin. See the article Celt, § Literature, IV.
TALISMAN, a magical charm. The word is often used as a
term synonymous with amulet (q.v.), but strictly should be applied to an inanimate object which is supposed to possess
a supernatural capacity of conferring benefits or powers, an
amulet being that which protects or wards off evil (see
Magic). The most common form which the talisman took in medieval or later times was that of a disk of metal or stone
engraved with astrological figures, or with magical formulae,
of which Abraxas (q.v.) and Abracadabra (q.v.) are the most familiar. The word is derived through the Spanish through Arab. ṭilsamān, plural of ṭilsam, an adaptation of Gr. τέλεσμα, payment. outlay (from τελεῖν, to accomplish), used in Late Gr. of an initiation or mystery and in Med. Gr. of a charm.
TALLADEGA, a city and the couty-seat of Talladega county,
Alabama, U.S.A., 35 m. E. of Birmingham. Pop. (1900) 5056 (2687 negroes); (1910) 5854. It is served by the Southern, the Louisville & Nashville and other railways. Talladega is situated in the foothills of the Blue Ridge, about 560 ft. above sea level. It is the seat of the Alabama Synodical College for Women (Presbyterian, 1903), of Talladega College (Congregational, opened 1867; chartered 1869 and 1889) for the higher education of negroes—the first college for negroes in the state,
and of several institutions devoted to the care of the deaf, dumb and blind. Limestone and coal are found in the vicinity. Among the manufactures are cotton goods, cottonseed oil, iron, hosiery, chemicals and fertilizers. There are several mineral springs near the city, and the municipal water supply is derived from a spring in the city. The electric lighting and power plant is operated by water power on Jackson Shoals. Talladega was originally an Indian village. On the 9th of
November 1813, it was the scene of a decisive victory of the whites and their Indian allies, 2000 strong, led by Gen. Andrew Jackson, over 1000 “Red Sticks,” or Creek Indians, who were hostile to the extension of white settlements in Indian territory.
TALLAGE (med. Lat. tallagium, Fr. tailage, from late Lat.
talare, taleare, Fr. tailler, to cut, classical Lat. talea, a cutting, slip; cf. “tally” and the French taille, q.v.), a special tax in England paid by cities, boroughs and royal demesnes. The word, variously interpreted as a part “cut off” from the property taxed, or as derived from the tally (q.v.), first appears in the reign of Henry II. as a synonym for the auxilium burgi, which was an occasional payment exacted by king and barons
over and above the annual firma burgi from burgage tenants, since all boroughs after the Norman Conquest came to be regarded as in some lord's demesne. The tax displaced the
Danegeld so far as the towns and demesne lands of the Crown were concerned in the second half of the 12th century, and gradually the barons were deprived of the right of tallaging their respective demesnes without royal authorization. The imposition of tallage continued under the immediate successors of Henry II.; the barons failed to secure its prohibition or even limitation at Runnymede, and Henry III. levied it frequently. The amount to be paid was determined during this time by officials of the exchequer in special fiscal circuits through separate negotiations with the various tax-paying communities, the towns usually raising their quota by means of a capitation or poll tax. Its imposition practically ceased by 1283 in favour of a general grant made in parliament, and the king's retention
of tallage seemed particularly unnecessary and illogical after burgesses were summoned to parliament. The opinion used to be held that tallage was forbidden by the Confirmatio cartarum, but the Latin version of that document which bears the title De tallagio non concedendo, although cited as a statute in the preamble to the Petition of Right in 1627 and in a judicial decision of 1637, was merely a chronicler's summary of the purposes of the official French document, which did not mention tallage by name. After 1297, however, there were only three levies of the tax: one by Edward I. in 1304; again in 1312 by Edward II. despite the protests of London and Bristol; and finally in 1332, when Edward III. encountered such opposition
from parliament that he withdrew the commissions and accepted in its place a grant of a tenth-and-fifteenth. The last time that the king granted leave to the barons to tallage their demesnes was in 1305. The second statute of 1340 formally enacted that the nation should thenceforth not “make any common aid or sustain charge,” including tallage, without consent of parliament.
See William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, vol. i. sect. 161, vol. ii. sect. 275; D. J. Medley, English Constitutional History, 3rd ed. (London, 1902); Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law, vol. i., 2nd ed.; S. J. Low and F. S. Pulling, Dictionary of English History.
TALLAHASSEE, the capital of Florida, U.S.A., and the county seat of Leon county, in the W. part of the state, about 40 m. E. of the Apalachicola river and 20 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, about midway by railway between Jacksonville and Pensacola. Pop. (1900) 2981 (1755 negroes); (1910) 5018; in 1900 the population of the county was 19,887, of whom 16,000 were negroes. Tallahassee is served by the Seaboard
Air Line and the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railways. The city is finely situated on a hill, about 300 ft. above sea-level, and the streets are wide and well-shaded. The principal buildings are the State Capitol, Grecian in architecture, the Federal Building, and the County Court House. In the Episcopal cemetery two monuments mark the graves of Charles Louis Napoléon Achille Murat (1801-1847), the eldest son of Joachim Murat, and of his wife Catherine (1803-1867), the daughter of
Col. Bird C. Willis of Virginia and a grand-niece of George Washington.[1] Tallahassee is the seat of the Florida Female College, co-ordinate with the State University for men, and the State Normal and Industrial School (for negroes), an agricultural and mechanical college. About 17 m. S. of Tallahassee, in Wakulla county, is the Wakulla Spring, about 106 ft. deep, one of the largest of the remarkable springs of Florida.
Tallahassee's name is of Seminole origin, and means, it is said, “tribal land.” During a war with the Apalachee Indians in 1638 the Spaniards, according to tradition, fortified a hill W. of the city, where the Fort St Luis Place, a plantation
- ↑ Murat settled here about 1821, became a naturalized American citizen, relinquishing his claim to the crown of Naples, and lived here for much of the time until his death, holding successively the office of alderman, mayor and postmaster of the city, and devoting some of his leisure to the preparation of three books, describing political and social conditions in America, the last of which, Exposition des principes du gouvernement républicain tel qu'il a été perfectionné en Amérique (1838), was translated into many languages and was very popular in Europe. After his death his wife lived in what is still known as the Murat Homestead, about 2 m. W. of Tallahassee, and after the American Civil War she received an annuity of 30,000 francs from Napoleon III.
