“Wirtschaft,” “Recht,” and “Sitte” in Paul’s Grundriss d. germ. Phil., vol. iii. (see above); F. Seebohm, Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law (London, 1902); P. Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l’origine de la noblesse en France (Paris, 1902); M. Heyne, Deutsche Hausaltertümer (Leipzig, 1899–1903); A. M. Hansen, Landnåm i Norge (Christiania, 1904); J. Hoops, Waldbäume u. Kulturpflanzen im germ. Altertum (Strassburg, 1905); L. F. A. Wimmer, Runeskriftens Oprindelse (Copenhagen, 1874); Die Runenschrift (Berlin, 1887).
(d) Religion. J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie (1st ed. 1835, 4th ed. Berlin, 1878); Teutonic Mythology (trans. by J. S. Stallybrass, London, 1883); K. Maurer, Die Bekehrung des norwegischen Stammes sum Christentum (Munich, 1855–56); W. Mannhardt, Der Baumkultus der Germanen u. ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin, 1875); H. Petersen, Om Nordboernes Gudedyrkelse og Gudetro i Hedenold (Copenhagen, 1876); H. Pfannenschmid, Germanische Erntefeste (Hanover, 1878) V. Jahn, Die deutschen Opfergebräuche (Breslau, 1884); E. H. Meyer, Germanische Mythologie (Berlin, 1891); W. Golther, Handbuch d. germ. Mythologie (Leipzig, 1895) P. Herrmann, Deutsche Mythologie (Leipzig, 1898); Nordische Mythologie (Leipzig, 1903); H. M. Chadwick, The Cult of Othin (Cambridge, 1899); E. Mogk, “Mythologie” in Paul’s Grundriss d. germ. Phil. (vol. iii., see above); P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Geschiednis van den Godsdienst der Germanen (Haarlem, 1900); The Religion of the Teutons (Boston, 1902) F. Kauffmann, Balder: Mythus u. Sage (Strassburg, 1902); E. H. Meyer, Mythologie der Germanen (Strassburg, 1903). (H. M. C.)
TEVIOT, ANDREW RUTHERFORD, Earl of (d. 1664), was the son of William Rutherford of Quarrelholes, Roxburghshire. His education was received in Edinburgh, and he took up the career of soldier of fortune. His services were given to the French government, which maintained regiments of Scottish mercenaries. On the restoration of Charles II., Rutherford was taken into employment by his own king on the recommendation of Louis XIV. of France. He had held a commission as lieutenant-general in France and had a high reputation for personal courage. Charles II. gave him the Scottish title of Lord Rutherford and the governorship of Dunkirk, which had been acquired by the Protector Oliver Cromwell. When Charles II. sold the town to France in 1662 Rutherford was consoled by the command of the 2nd or Tangier regiment, was made earl of Teviot in the peerage of Scotland, and was sent in 1663 as governor to Tangier. His tenure of office was very short, for on the 4th of May 1664 he allowed himself to be entrapped into an ambush by the Moors, who carried on incessant irregular warfare against the English garrison, and was killed, together with nineteen officers and nearly five hundred men of his garrison.
See W. F. Lord, The Lost Possessions of England (London, 1896).
TEVIOTDALE, the valley of the Teviot, Roxburghshire, Scotland. In a limited sense the word describes the stretch
above Hawick (9 m.) and, in a wider sense, the whole vale,
extending in a north-easterly direction from Teviothead nearly
to the confines of the parish of Roxburgh, a distance of 23 m.
It is sometimes incorrectly used as an alternative name for the
shire, much of the area of which, in point of fact, lies outside
the Teviot drainage basin. There are numerous points of
interest in the dale. Henry Scott Riddell (1798–1870), the poet,
was buried at Teviothead. Almost side by side in the churchyard
are the obelisk near his grave and the memorial stone
erected in the cemetery wall to John Armstrong of Gilnockie,
the celebrated freebooter, who, along with several followers,
was treacherously seized in 1530 and hanged at Caerlanrigg,
in the immediate vicinity, by order of James V. Riddell is
further commemorated by a monument on Dryden hill.
Branxholm tower, the peel of Goldielands, and Harden castle
(on Harden burn, a tributary of Northwick water) are spots
familiar through the writings of Sir Walter Scott and many
Border ballads. Five m. to the east of Hawick stands the hill
of Ruberslaw (1392 ft.). Among the crags on its summit is
the rock, still called “Peden’s chair,” from which Alexander
Peden preached to conventicles of Covenanters. Below Hawi-ck
interest principally centres around Minto, Hassendean-the
Hazeldean of Sir Walter Scott’s song, “Jock o’ Hazeldean”—and
Ancrum.
TEWFIK PASHA (1852–1892), khedive of Egypt, son of the Khedive Ismail, was born on the 15th of November 1852. His mother was a fellah woman. Although the eldest son, he was not sent to Europe to be educated, like his younger brothers, but was left to grow up in his native country. In 1866 Ismail succeeded in his endeavour to alter the order of succession to the khediviate. The title, instead of passing to the eldest living male descendant of Mehemet Ali, was now to descend from father to son. Ismail sought this alteration mainly because he disliked his uncle, Halim Pasha, who was his heir presumptive, and he is supposed to have imagined that he would be able to select whichever of his sons he pleased for his successor. But he found, after the change had been made, that the powers interpreted the new arrangement as applying strictly to the eldest son. Tewfik therefore became heir apparent. He was given a palace near Cairo to live in, and for twelve years he passed an uneventful life, farming, and establishing a reputation for good sense and fair dealing with his fellah tenants. In 1878 he was appointed president of the council after the dismissal of Nubar Pasha. He held this office only fora few months; but this was long enough to show that, if he was unambitious and not particularly intelligent or energetic, he had the wisdom to refrain from taking a part in the intrigues which then formed the chief part of political life in Egypt. He went back to his estate, and settled down once more to a quiet country life. He was not left undisturbed for long. On the 26th of June 1879 Ismail, at the instance of Great Britain and France, was deposed by the sultan, who sent orders at the same time that Tewfik should be proclaimed khedive. The new viceroy was so little pleased by the news of his accession that he soundly boxed the ears of the servant who first brought the tidings to him. Egypt at that time was involved in financial and political troubles brought about by the policy of Ismail (q.v.), and the situation was made worse by the inaction of England and France for some months following Tewfik’s accession. Tewlik’s people were dissatisfied, his army disaffected; his advisers were nearly all of the adventurer class, with their own ends to gain; and he himself had neither the character of a strong ruler nor the experience that would have enabled him to secure an orderly administration of affairs. Disorder prevailed until November 1879, when the dual control was re-established by the governments of Great Britain and France. For over two years Major Baring (afterwards Lord Cromer), Mr (afterwards Sir) Auckland Colvin, and M. de Bligniéres practically, governed the country, endeavouring to institute reforms while possessing no means of coercion. During all this time the disaffection in the Egyptian army was increasing. Tewfik has been blamed for his failure to take a firm line with the rebels, but his attitude was governed by his relations with Great Britain and France, and he was unable to control events. The dissatisfaction culminated in the anti-foreign movement headed by Arabi Pasha (q.v.), who had gained complete command of the army. In July 1882 the attitude of Arabi, who was carrying out defensive works on a large scale, made it necessary for the British admiral (Sir Beauchamp Seymour, afterwards Lord Alcester) to declare that he would bombard the forts of Alexandria unless they were handed over to him. Before the bombardment began it was suggested to Tewfik that he should leave the city and embark either upon a man-of-war belonging to one of the neutral powers, or in his own yacht, or in a mail steamer which was then in the port. His answer was, “I am still khedive, and I remain with my people in the hour of their danger.” At his palace of Ramleh, 3 m. from the town, he was beyond reach of the shells, but his life was nevertheless imperilled. When the rebel soldiers attacked the palace he managed to make his escape and to reach another palace after passing through the burning streets of Alexandria. Here he was obliged to agree that a guard of British bluejackets should protect him from further risk. He showed his courage equally during the cholera epidemic at Alexandria in 1883. He had gone back to Cairo after the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, had consented to the reforms insisted upon by Great Britain, and had assumed the position of a constitutional ruler under the guidance of Lord Dufferin, the British special commissioner. When
