of improper influence in state legislation. His remarkable success in carrying through a comprehensive programme of legislation is shown by the passage of the measures referred to. When, following the break in the Republican party in 1912, the National Progressive party was organized, Johnson was nominated for vice-president on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt. In the succeeding election the results were extraordinarily close and long in doubt; Roosevelt secured a plurality of 174 over Wood- row Wilson, the Democratic candidate, the popular vote being 283,610 for Roosevelt and 283.4.36 for Wilson. In 1916 the popular presidential vote was almost equally close but reversed, 466.289 for Wilson and 462,516 for Hughes, the former receiving a plurality of 3,773. At this election women voted in the pres- idential campaign for the first time. In 1920 the popular vote for president was 624.992 for Harding and 229,191 for Cox. In 1916 Gov. Johnson was elected to the U.S. Senate, taking his seat on March 4 following. Beginning Oct. 9 1911 attention was centred in the trial in Los Angeles of John J. and James B. McNamara, accused of dynamiting the Los Angeles Times building (Oct. 9 1910), resulting in the death of 21 persons. The crime was one of a nation-wide series intended to prevent the use of non-union materials and non-union labour. The defendants were strongly supported by the American Federation of Labor. Later the accused pleaded guilty, and James B. McNamara was sentenced to life imprisonment and John J. McNamara to imprisonment for 15 years.
In 1913 the anti-Japanese feeling throughout the state cul- minated in the passage of the Webb Alien Land-Holding Act. In 1909 measures had been proposed in the Legislature aimed at preventing the ownership of land by Japanese, but at the request of President Roosevelt these were dropped. Similar measures were introduced in 1913, and on April 13 a measure to that effect passed the Assembly, containing language dis- pleasing to the Japanese Government. President Wilson at once communicated with Gov. Johnson, urging delay, and with the approval of the Legislature and of the governor, Secretary of State Bryan went to California to counsel moderation or delay in action. But another bill drawn up by Attorney-General Webb for the same purpose passed both Houses of the Legislature on May 3 1913 and was signed by the governor May 19, to be effective Aug. 17. The first tvo sections of the Webb bill were as follows: (i) " All aliens eligible to citizenship under the laws of the United States may acquire, possess, enjoy, transfer, and inherit real property, or any interest therein, in this state in the same manner and to the same extent as citizens of the United States, except as otherwise provided by the laws of this state. (2) All aliens other than those mentioned in section i may acquire, possess, enjoy, and transfer real property, or any interest therein, in the manner and to the extent and for the purpose prescribed by any treaty now existing between the Government of the United States and the nation and country of which such alien is a citizen or subject, and not otherwise." While this bill prevented the Japanese from acquiring land in the state, its supporters held that no treaty rights were infringed, arid that Japan could not justly take offence at the language used.
For several years San Francisco had been trying to secure part of the Hetch-Hetchy valley as a reservoir for furnishing water to the city. In 1913 a bill passed Congress, granting this. The question evoked much public discussion on both sides. Gifford Pinchot, the well-known conservationist, supported the project, while the naturalist, John Muir, strongly opposed it. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition, celebrating the opening of the Panama Canal, was held Feb.-Dec. 1915, at San Francisco. At the same time an exposition was held in San Diego, devoted chiefly to the display of California products. The state supplied to the army during the World War 112,514 men (excluding officers). The subscriptions to the four Liberty Loans in order were $100.190,900, $159,362,100, $174,506,200, $291,126,700; to the Victory Loan, $186,702,950.
Recent governors were James N. Gillett (Rep.), 1907-11; Hiram W. Johnson (Progressive Rep.), 1911-7; William D. Stephens (Rep.), 1917-.
CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF (see 5.22). During the decade 1910-20 the university of California grew to such an extent that
in the latter year it stood foremost in number of students among
American universities. In the degree-giving departments on
Nov. i 1920 the enrolment was as follows: at Berkeley, in the
schools of Letters and Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Chemis-
try, Commerce, Jurisprudence, Medicine (part), Education and
Architecture, 8,726 undergraduates, of whom 4,757 were men
and 3, 969 women; and 943 graduates, of whom 484 were men and
459 women; at San Francisco, in the Hastings School of Law,
schools of Medicine (part), Dentistry, Pharmacy, Hooper Foun-
dation for Medical Research, 656 students; at Los Angeles,
in the southern branch (instruction in lower division), 872
students, and in the teachers' curricula, 1,108 students; making
a total, 'less duplicates, of 11,197. There were in the university
extension division courses 13,792; in the agricultural extension
courses 5,625; in the summer session and intersession courses
6,436, and on the University of California Farm 530, making a
grand total, less duplicates, of 37,480.
Between 1910 and 1920 many new buildings were erected, the most important being the Boalt Hall of Law (191 1), costing $190,000, partly the gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Josselyn Boalt as a memorial to Judge Boalt and partly subscribed to by the lawyers of California; Agriculture Hall (1912), costing $267,000; Benjamin Ide Wheeler Hall (1917), costing $700.000, and Hilgard Hall (1917) costing $350,- ooo, both buildings the gift of the people of California; Gilman Hall for the Chemistry department (1917), costing $197,000; Sathcr Tower (1914), costing $200,000 besides $25,000 for bells; and the University Library, completed in 1917 at a cost of $1,442,339.41, of which $730,000 was bequeathed by Charles Franklin Doe. The number of volumes in the library was 427,930 in 1920.
After twenty years of service Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler resigned the office of president July 15 1919, and on Dec. 2 1919 Dr. David P. Barrows, head of the department of Political Science, took his place as 9th president. Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, for 22 years a regent of the university, died April 13 1919. Among her many gifts were the Hearst Mining Building. Hearst Hall, scholarships amounting to more than $30,000 ; contributions to the Anthropologi- cal museum, $130,000 ; and the swimming pool for women. The death of Henry Morse Stephens, for 17 years a professor in the university, occurred in 1919. In his memory his friends planned to erect a $300,000 Student Union building to be known by his name, and also to raise a sum of money to support one or more travelling fellowships in Europe for university graduates in history.
The endowment of the university in 1920 was $7,253,926.57, yielding a gross income of $368,821.04. The total assets, including real estate and improvements, were $23,117,236.62. From July 1 1919 to June 30 1920 the income of the university, from the U.S. Government, was $159,338.90; from state appropriations, $2,722,-904.37; from students' fees and deposits $594,210.96; from hospitals, infirmary and the professional colleges $501,706.83; from departmental sales and miscellaneous receipts $546,432.09; from gifts for current use $110,718.75; from gifts for buildings and equipment $302,263.82; and from gifts for endowment $530,343.86; making, with the income from endowment mentioned above, a total from all sources of $5,844,464.13.
In the World War 4,158 men and 36 women connected with the university served with the colours. This number is exclusive of the S.A.T.C. unit at the university with 1,926 men and 56 officers, and the Naval Unit with 498 men and nine officers. Fifty-four per cent of the enlisted personnel received commissions. Of the 121 faculty members in the service, 103 were commissioned. (D. P. B.)
CALMETTE, GASTON (1858-1914), French journalist and
writer, was born at Montpellier July 30 1858. He was educated at Nice, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand and Macon, and afterwards entered journalism. In 1884 he joined the staff of the Figaro, and in 1894 became its editor. Calmette came much into public notice in 1913 and 1914 as the leader and inspirer of the bitter attacks on the policy of M. Caillaux. Almost every day the Figaro produced evidence of a damaging sort against the minister with the object of proving that he used his official position to facilitate speculation on the Bourse. The attitude of M. Caillaux in the Rochette case of 1911, in which it was alleged by the Figaro that the director of public prosecutions had been influenced by the ministry to delay the course of justice, was brought forward, and a newspaper campaign of extraordinary violence was the result. M. Caillaux was urged by some of his colleagues to take legal proceedings against his accusers, but declined. Some days later (March 17 1914) Mme. Caillaux called at the office of the Figaro and shot M. Calmette dead
