City Dionysia: a Chronological Study in Greek Literary History (1903)
and Four Plays of Menander (1910). He was editor-in-chief of the
University of Chicago Decennial Publications, 29 volumes.
CARINTHIA (see 5.336), a territory of the Austrian Republic, is bounded N. by Styria and Salzburg, E. by Yugoslavia and Styria, S. by Italy and Yugoslavia and W. by Tirol.
Area and Population.—The total area of Carinthia before the World War was 4,005 sq. m., and the pop. (in 1910) 396,200 (99 per sq. mile). The terms of peace deprived Carinthia of Kanal-Thal together with Tarvis and the lead-mines of Raibl, which were given to Italy; the district of Seeland, S. of the Karawanken, abandoned by Austria; the valley of the Mies with the lead-mines of Mies and Schwarzenbach and the district surrounding the mouth of the Lavant, which was given to the Southern Slavs. The district of Tarvis had (1910) some 7,700 inhabitants, of whom 5,700 were Germans. The districts given to the Southern Slav state then had 17,500 inhabitants, of whom 3,200 were Germans.
It was arranged that the basin of Klagenfurt should decide its future allegiance by plebiscite. This plebiscite was taken in two distinct zones, the outer (Zone I. or A) of which reached nearly to Klagenfurt, the capital of the district, and comprised an area of 667 sq. m., with (1910) 72,138 inhabitants, of whom 31.5% were German; the inner (Zone II. or B) included a smaller portion of the district of Klagenfurt, and comprised an area of 132 sq. m., with (1910) 58,600 inhabitants, of whom 89.7% were German. The voting in Zone I. resulted, on Oct. 10 1920, in a choice of allegiance to Austria by 59.1% of the total votes; Zone II., therefore, went Austrian also.
In the Carinthia of to-day (apart from the two above-mentioned Zones) 94.8% were German in 1910. Most of the Slovene population is in Gail-Thai. As Zone I. was occupied by the Southern Slavs at the time of the Austrian census of 1920, the total number of the inhabitants of the Carinthia of to-day is unascertained. The portion under Austrian rule in 1920 (inclusive, therefore, of Zone II.) had 297,257 inhabitants (99 per sq. mile). In 1910 the pop. was 299,091 ; in Zone I. 72,138. Altogether, therefore, the present-day Carinthia had, on Dec. 31 1910, 371,229 inhabitants (101 per sq. mile). The population of the district which exercised the plebiscite was in 1910 93.3% Roman Catholic and 6.5% Evangelical. The proportion of males to females was as 1,000 to 992; in 1920, however, the proportion was as 1,000 to 1,067.
For administrative purposes Carinthia has been divided into seven districts and an autonomous city the capital, Klagenfurt (pop. 26,111 in 1920). Other important places are Villach (pop. 21,896); St. Veit, until 1518 the capital of Carinthia (pop. 5,927); Wolfsberg (pop. 5,808) ; Spittal (pop. 4,406) and Bleiberg (pop. 2,861). In the Electoral Zone I. are Vülkermarkt (pop. in 1910 2,631) and Oberferlach (pop. in 1910 3,194).
Agriculture.—Of the Carinthia of to-day (with the exception of the Electoral Zone I.) 8.69% of the soil was unproductive in 1900. Of the productive areas 15.6% consisted of arable, 0.4% gardens, 11% meadowland, 25.1% grazing land (mostly high-lying), 47.7% woodlands (mostly coniferous). Stock-raising is well developed, but suffered severely during the World War. In 1918 there were 164,309 head of cattle (of which 66,501 were milch cows) and 97,766 swine.
The Carinthian breeds of cattle (Lavanttaler and Mölltaler) and of horses are greatly prized. Bee culture, in conjunction with the cultivation of buckwheat, is actively pursued.
Minerals.—The mineral wealth is still noteworthy, notwithstanding the loss of important mining districts. The gold-mines of Tauern are not worked. Copper and antimony ores are being mined, but are not smelted locally. On the other hand, the output of lead (12,000 tons in 1915, or over 92% of the whole present output of Austria) and zinc (400 tons, or 54% of the whole output) ores is important in the Gail-Thaler Alps, especially in Bleiberg and Kreuth. Since the Raibl mines fell to Italy and those of Mies and Schwarzenbach to Yugoslavia, Bleiberg has regained its importance as the chief lead-mining centre in Austria. Consequently its products of lead and lead colours (white and red lead) are considerable.
The iron-mining industry, which was once widespread, is now active only at Hüttenberg, at the foot of the Saualpe. The ore raised (in 1915 98,000 tons, or 5% of the whole output of Austria) is carried away from Carinthia to be smelted elsewhere. Lignite (Braunkohle) is found in many parts of Carinthia, especially in Lavant-Thal ; the output of this, however, was in 1915 only 84,000 tons, or 3% of the whole Austrian output.
Manufactures.—Carinthia is richly endowed with water-power; but, in spite of that, its industries are inconsiderable. The most important are the manufacture of scythes (Himmelberg), the ironworks of Ferlach and Feistritz, the small-arms factory at Ferlach, all kinds of lead-ware, some paper and some woollen factories (Viktring) and machinery (Brückl). Klagenfurt and Wolfsberg are busy centres of the weaving industries and also of the manufacture of and trade in articles in products of wood notably cellulose, lignine and pasteboard.
Communications.—Since the opening of the Tauern and Kara- wanken lines, Villach has become an important railway centre, being at the intersection of the Salzburg-Trieste-Vienna-Venice and Marburg-Franzensfeste (Hungary-Tirol) railways.
See Norbert Krebs, Länderkunde der österreichischen Alpen (1913), “Das Klagenfurter Becken,” Geographische Zeitschrift (1909); Martin Wutte, Germans and Slovenes in Carinthia (1918), Das Kärntner Abstimmungsgebiet (1920); Franz Heritsch, “Die österreichischen und deutschen Alpen,” Handbuch der regionalen Geologie (vol. ii., part 5, 1915); Victor Conrad, Klimatographie von Kärnten (1913).
CARLISLE, GEORGE JAMES HOWARD, 9th Earl of (1843–1911)
(see 5.341), died in London April 161911. He was succeeded
by his son, Charles James Stanley Howard (b. 1867), well known
as a Unionist politician under the name of Visct. Morpeth.
The 10th earl died Jan. 20 1912, and was succeeded by his son,
George Josslyn L’Estrange Howard (b. 1895).
CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837–1919), American “captain of industry” and philanthropist (see 5.364), died at Lenox, Mass., Aug. 11 1919. His ideals are shown by his benefactions and are best described by describing them. In 1910 he gave $10,000,000 for establishing an Endowment for International Peace, “to hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization.” This Endowment was planned to encourage studies in economics, history and international law so that misunderstandings of peoples be averted by increasing their knowledge of one another. After America entered the World War (1917) the Endowment gathered much international information and furnished it for use at the Peace Conference. In 1910, the Pan-American Union building erected in Washington by Carnegie at a cost of $850,000 was dedicated. In 1911 he established
his last and largest endowment, the Carnegie Corp. of New York, and before his death placed in its charge $125,000,000 to be used for promoting civilization in whatever way seems best to the trustees. The variety of its activities is illustrated by the following: American Red Cross ($1,500,000); Knights of Columbus War Work Fund ($250,000); Y.M.C.A. War Work Fund ($250,000); Y.W.C.A. War Work Fund ($100,000); Library Buildings in Army Cantonments ($320,000); Study of Methods of Americanization ($204,000); National Research Council ($5,420,000); Church Pension Fund (nearly $325,000), and Simplified
Spelling Board ($110,000). In 1913 the Hague Peace Palace, given by Carnegie and costing $1,500,000, was dedicated. Some of the best known gifts in addition to the above mentioned are: The Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, nearly $29,000,000; the Carnegie Institution of Washington, $22,300,000; the Carnegie
Hero Fund Commission, $10,500,000; the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, $29,250,000; the Carnegie U.K. Trust, $10,000,000; the Scottish Universities Trust, $10,000,000; the Dunfermline Trust, $3,750,000; the Simplified
Spelling Board, $250,000; the Church Peace Union, $2,025,000. By the close of 1918 he had erected 2,811 library buildings (1,946 U.S.A.; 660 Great Britain and Ireland; 156 Canada; 49 elsewhere) at a cost of more than $60,000,000. He had provided 7,689 church organs throughout the world, costing more than $6,000,000. To the Carnegie U.K. Trust, founded in
1913, he transferred the charge of all his existing and future benefactions other, than university benefactions in the United Kingdom. He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they have inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather
than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches. In his will he provided that after certain enumerated bequests the residue of his estate (his family having already been provided
for) should pass to the Carnegie Corporation. Appraisal of the estate, smaller than had been estimated, was made in 1921 and showed a net value of $22,880,000. Since according to the law of New York only half of an estate can be assigned as public
bequests in case husband, wife, parent, or child survive, the residue passing to the Carnegie Corp. was less than $11,000,000. Before his death Carnegie had made public gifts, including those mentioned above, amounting to $350,000,000. If he did not die
poor, as he claimed every man should, he at least had given away all but a relatively small portion of his wealth.
His Autobiography appeared in 1920.
CARNOCK, ARTHUR NICOLSON, 1st Baron (1849–),
British diplomatist, was born in London Sept. 19 1849, the son
