ice, and on any other matters indicated by general Crown ordi-
nance; and he may invite its opinion on other topics. The Dutch
home Legislature, however, remains supreme in regard to finan-
cial, as to other colonial questions. The governor has now, in
connexion with his executive functions, an advisory council con-
sisting of the nine heads of administrative departments.
Netherlands India was in 1921 divided, for purposes of adminis- tration, into 35 provinces comprising three governments, 33 resi- dencies, and one independent sub-residency. These are:
In Java and Madura: Bantam, Batavia, the Preanger regencies, Cheribon, Pekalongan, Semarang, Rembang, Surabaya, Pasuruan, Besuki, Banyumas, Kudu, Jokya, Solo, Madiun, Kediri, Madura.
In Sumatra: Sumatra West Coast, Tapanuli, Benkulen, Lam- pong, Palembang, Jambi, Sumatra East Coast, Acheh (Achin) and dependencies.
Others: Riouw and deps., Banka and deps., Billiton, Borneo West Coast, Borneo South and East Coasts, Menado (in Celebes), Celebes and deps., Amboina and deps., Ternate and deps., Timor and deps., Bali and Lombok.
The native powers of administration, so far as capable of develop- ment, are carefully fostered by the Dutch. In 1918 an ordinance permitted various duties, in provinces determined by the governor- general, to be delegated by the provincial governors to native offi- cials: this practice, started in part of the Preanger regencies, is in process of extension elsewhere in Java, but not, as yet, outside it. The Government maintains certain Chinese and Arab officials to advise it on administrative matters connected with the foreign oriental element in the population. In 1914 a civil service college was established at Batavia for the training of natives as well as foreigners in administration, and in 1918 a course of training for natives as civil servants was established in the S. of Sumatra.
Population. The pop. of the principal islands or divisions of Netherlands India was given for the year 1917 (Dec.) unless other- wise stated :
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Native.
foreign Oriental.
European.
Total.
Java & Madura .
33,652-23
393,723
111,430
34, 157,383
Sumatra
4,816,243
196,019
14-791
5,027,053
Riouw & depen-
dencies .
177,602
21,628
419
199,649
Banka & dep. .
81,923
7i,7H
541
154.178
Billiton
38,351
20,762
368
59,48i
Borneo
1,427,021
83,634
2,448
1,513,103
Celebes & dep.
(inclu. Men-
ado) .
3,081,758
28,093
4,223
3,114,074
Amboina &
dep. (1912) .
354,754
2,999
3,i8i
360,934
Ternate & dep. .
198,465
i,i93
477
200,135
Timor & dep.
1,085,875
4,821
653
1,091,349
Bali & Lombok .
1,336,485
8,08 1
3H
i ,344,880
Amboina in the above table includes southern and western New Guinea, and Ternate includes northern New Guinea. The total pop. for the Outer Possessions was given as 12,579,897 natives, 438,944 foreign orientals, and 27,451 Europeans, and the percentage rate of increase since the census of 1905 is as follows:
Java & Madura Outer Posses- sions
Natives.
Foreign Orientals.
Europeans.
All.
13-2 72-1
24-1 37-6
71-5 69-9
13-5 70-4
It is clear, however, that the apparently large rate of increase in the native pop. of the Outer Possessions is to be attributed in part to more effective measures of enumeration at the later census.
Recent census figures for certain large towns are: Batavia(igi7), 231,464; Surabaya (1918), 160,801; Surakarta (1918), 139,882; Semarang (1918), 106,852; Jokyakarta (1918), 97,058; Bandung (1918), 58,649.
It is no longer correct to regard Netherlands India as a " colony of officials," as it has sometimes been termed; there were in 1917 less than 9,000 Europeans in official positions, and the majority of the total European pop. were traders, tenants of plantations, officers of mining companies, and the like. Probably over nine- tenths were Dutch, though Germans appeared to have increased in numbers during the World War, finding the colony a con- venient refuge and, it is said, a centre for intrigue against India and elsewhere. A few hundred British and Belgians were the other most important elements in the European population. Among foreign orientals Chinese were far the most numerous, numbering about 295,000 in Java, and 385,000 in the Outer Possessions; Arabs numbered about 19,000 and 10,000 respec- tively, and Hindus 24,000, mainly in the Outer Possessions.
Religion and Instruction. Some 35,000,000 of the population were professedly Mohammedans, though not necessarily strict followers of Islam. The pilgrimage to Mecca was made in 1913 by 17,655 persons from Java, 5,318 from Sumatra, 1,485 from Borneo, and 629 from Celebes. In 1914 Christianity was represented among the natives by about 660,000 Protestants and 52,000 Roman Catholics; the Dutch Protestant Church had 41 pastors, with assistants. Protestant missionary bodies were united in representation by a consul at Batavia, who acts on their behalf in relations with the Government. They had 349 missionaries in 1915. The Protestant missions were mainly Dutch and German. Both they and the Roman Catholic missions succeed chiefly in the Outer Possessions where Islam is less powerful than in Java; notably in Celebes, Ambo- ina and the Moluccas generally, Timor and New Guinea.
Education was systematically, if slowly, extended among the natives. Broadly speaking Government schools and native schools under Government supervision greatly outnumbered private schools in Java, whereas the contrary was the case in the Outer Possessions, where the missions (whose schools are reckoned as private) do most of their work There were 15 secondary schools in Java, including the Hoogere Burgerscholen at Batavia, Surabaya, and Semarang. A school for the training of native orators was opened in 1913, and a second school of agriculture in 1917. Other establishments included a school for native female teachers in Java (1918), and a new class of elementary trade schools (the former craft schools having left the native handicrafts almost unaffected), opened at several points in Java in 1915 and subsequently. The foundation of a technical university, primarily for civil engineers, was in hand.
The total State expenditure on education was estimated in 1920 at 20 million guilders (7! millions on European and 123 millions on native education). The following figures are for the year 1917: European primary schools, 198; pupils 26,817 (including 5,852 natives and foreign orientals); Dutch-Chinese schools, 31; pupils 6,717; advanced primary schools, 14; pupils 1,615; private primary schools, 50 (34 State-subsidized); pupils 8,141. Dutch native schools, 115; pupils 21,690; native schools (2nd class), 989 in Java, 490 in Outer Possessions; 142,415 and 72,875 pupils respectively; native (" peoples' ") schools, 4,185 in Java, 1,372 in Outer Posses- sions; 299,516 and 83,127 pupils respectively; 14 special schools for natives, 3,132 pupils; 2,506 private schools for natives (145,505 pupils); 220 for Chinese (12,636 pupils), 32 for Arabs (1,928 pupils). Native law school, 65 pupils; native civil service training schools, 922 pupils; training schools for native teachers, 735 pupils; native trade schools, 316 pupils.
Justice. While the distribution is maintained, as concerns the administration of justice, between (i) Europeans and persons " assimilated " with them, and (2) natives, Chinese, Arabs, etc., there is a general tendency to unify the civil code as the criminal code was already unified, and thus to bring such sections of the pop. as the Chinese under the same code as Europeans; as con- cerns natives, and foreign orientals in regard to their family law, the adat (native law) is respected so far as compatible with European standards. A general civil code was in preparation in 1921, with the object of admitting differences in legal practice only so far as the customs of various creeds and different native social views render them imperative. For Europeans there were in 1921 three courts of justice in Java, two in Sumatra, and one in Celebes. The landgerecht is the court for minor criminal offences among all sec- tions of the pop. in Java and Madura, and these courts were in 1921 to be extended to the Outer Possessions (e.g. Macassar and Eastern Sumatra), where the residency courts act in the case of Europeans, and magistrates' courts in that of natives. A similar system of uni- fication was in preparation as regards minor civil cases.
Finance. Revenue and expenditure is shown thus for recent years (in thousands of guilders) :
Year.
Revenue.
Expenditure.
1910
1915 1916 1917 1918
221,516
309,734 342,968 360,759 384.694
231,427 347,887 373,199 419,275 490,859
The deficits were covered by loans raised in each year 1915-9 in the name of, and chargeable upon, the colony (previous loans having been contracted by the mother-country), amounting to 372,500,000 guilders. The deficits were due not merely to indirect results of the World War, but to the extension of Dutch rule in the Outer Possessions, improvements in the administration of law, education, and public health, promotion of industries, and exten- sion of public works, and a total sum of 287,000,000 guilders was reckoned as extraordinary expenditure in 1913-8. Increased expen- diture was for the most part met by increase of ordinary taxes rather than imposition of new taxes, but a war profit tax, retro- spective to Aug. i 1914, was established in 1917. A complete reissue of the Tariff Act was made in 1910; several revisions were afterwards made, and the Dutch extended their customs terri- tories, partly by buying out the right of native rulers, until they covered almost the whole colony. In the budget for 1920 provision was made for an export duty on staple products, taxes on the
