of 180,999.8 sq. km., and a pop. of 6,727,877. Table 3 shows the principal towns of Greece (including Thrace and Ionia). TABLE 3. PRINCIPAL TOWNS
Athens (1920)
300,462
Trikkala (1907)
18,995
Salonika (1915)
158,139
Larissa (1907)
18,939
Piraeus (1920)
130,082
Mytilene (1915)
18,705
Adrianople (1911)
65,454
Kalamata (1907)
18,510
Patras (1920)
46,500
Chios (1915)
18,000
Corfu (1907)
30,585
Yannina (1915)
17,331
Candia (1915)
25,185
Zante (1907)
15,035
Canea 1915)
24,399
Ionia:
Volo 1907)
23,563
Smyrna (1915)
225,000
Kavalla 1915)
23,378
Manisa (1915)
35.000
Syra 1907)
21,342
Aivali (1915)
25,000
Serres 1915)
19,468
Kassaba (1915)
23,000
In 1921 there were 219,000 Greeks in the island of Cyprus; and it was estimated that there were about 800,000 in Asia Minor outside Ionia (Pontus and Anatolia), 225,000 in other Balkan states, 150,000 in southern Russia, and 100,000 in Egypt; besides the Greek colo- nists, many of them naturalized in foreign countries, who were estimated to amount to 20,000 in western Europe, 6,000 in India, Africa, etc., and 250,000 in the United States of America.
Emigration to the United States continued unabated after 1910. In 1914 45,881 emigrants from Greece entered the United States, and from 1915-20 the annual average was 26,500, or nearly 45,000, if all emigrants of Greek origin (from Egypt, Turkey and the Caucasus) are included. Between 1910 and 1920 the number of repatriated emigrants was about 6,000 a year. The number of Greek emigrants permanently established in N. America is said to approximate 500,000. Their remittances home were said in 1917 to amount to nearly 2,000,000 annually.
Finance. Between 1898 and the end of 1913 new loans raised the Public Debt to 1,216,480,000 drachmae. In every succeeding year this was further increased, and on May I 1921, the total Public Debt amounted to 6,208,264,000 drachmae. This vast growth was due to the successive deficits in the budget since the Balkan wars (which cost approximately 682,523,000 drachmae); to the prepara- tions for entering the World War (1914-6), 570,000,030; to the war itself (war expenses Oct. I9i6-Dec. 1918, 760,000,000, not in- cluding the value of war material supplied by the Allies) ; finally and especially to the war in Asia Minor, which up to Aug. 1921 must already have cost nearly 3,000,000,000 drachmae. Table 4 shows the revenue and expenditure 1910-20, deficits being due almost entirely to extraordinary war expenditure.
TABLE 4. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE
Revenue
Expenditure
Drachmae
Drachmae
1910
129,500,000
140,500,000
1911
137,800,000
175,700,000
1912
127,200,000
207,900,000
1913
122,200,000
423,800,000
1914
221,000,000
555,000,000
1915
232,000,000
477,000,000
1916
230,000,000
363,000,000
1917
263,000,000
440,000,000
1918
288,000,000
824,000,000
1919-20 (Budget)
469,690,000
1,554,357,000
1920-1 (Budget) .
597,011,000
2,005,304,000
The bank-notes in circulation increased from 310,604,185 dr. in 1914 to 1,856,173,000 in Nov. 1920, and approximately to 2,500,- 000,000 in May 1921. Table 5 shows the yield of taxes in millions of drachmae.
TABLE 5. TAXATION RECEIPTS
1911
1912
1916
1917
1918
Direct Indirect Monopolies
23-5 62 13-2
24 56 13
50-4 89-2 18-4
49-9 68-1
18-4
50-8 95-2 20-9
The deposits in the banks of the country, on Sept. 10 1918, were 1,162,312,912 dr., of which 607,845,414 were at the National Bank of Greece and 184,445,821 at the Ionian Bank.
Trade. Table 6 shows (in francs) the value of imports and ex- ports, 1914-20.
TABLE 6. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
Imports
Exports
Total
1914 1915
1916
1917 1918 1919
1920
318,846,472 289,390,294 399,438,840 223,075,496 733,907,099 1,608,323,928 2,131,038,321
178,564,362 218,356,354 154,841,815 112,626,577 296,860,251 726,533,168 664,112,647
497,410,834 507,746,648 554,280,655 335,702,073 1,030,767,350 2,334,857,096 2,795,150,968
Shipping. The merchant shipping of Greece in 1920 comprised a tonnage of 298,903, with 228 steamers and 1,048 sailing vessels. Of
these, three were transatlantic liners of a total tonnage of 11,085 tons, and 23 others, between 2,000 and 5,000 tons, of a total tonnage of 59,282 tons. To this list should be added 54 steamers and eight sailing vessels bought in 1919 but not yet registered, representing a tonnage of 68,572 and 1,947 respectively. Greek river boats and tugs in foreign waters raised the total of the Greek merchant navy in 1920 to 1,697 vessels of 464,635 tons. These figures do not include about 10,000 vessels of less than 30 tons, registering alto- gether about 83,000 tons. The Greek merchant fleet suffered very severely during the war. Greece lost 299 ships of 718,000 tons, thus losing 64-6 % of her pre-war tonnage.
Communications. The total length of Greek railways in 1919 was 2,307-5 km., including the important section 88 km. in length from Papoula to Platy, by which the line from Piraeus to Demerli (the Greco-Turkish frontier of 1912) was joined up to the line from Belgrade to Salonika, thus putting Athens in direct railway connexion with VV. Europe; this line was completed in 1916. To this total must be added a further section, nearly 700 km. in length, of the line from Salonika to Constantinople. The section from Salonika to the Greco-Bulgarian frontier of 1913, 340 km. in length, was acquired by convention of March 16 1919; the new section extends from the Greco-Bulgarian frontier of 1913 to the new Greco-Turkish frontier defined by the Treaty of Sevres.
The construction of various new lines of about 970 km. (103 km. in old Greece, 863 in Epirus, Crete, etc.) was in 1921 under con- sideration ; and the concession for a new line from Kavalla to Drama had already been obtained by a French company.
There are in Old Greece 3,286 km. of main roads, constructed be- fore 1892, and 2,300 km. constructed between 1892 and 1920. In Crete, Macedonia and Epirus there are 2,538 km. New roads of 3,775 km. in length were projected, and about 600 km. were ac- tually under construction in Nov. 1920.
Though commercial aviation had not yet been established in Greece in 1921, it should be noted that Athens is the natural centre of Mediterranean communications, and is situated at an almost exactly equal distance from Corfu, from the Greco-Serbian frontier, from Kavalla, from Gallipoli, from the Greco-Turkish frontier east of Smyrna and from the eastern shores of Crete.
Agriculture. In 1918 the area under cultivation (within the frontiers of 1914) was given as 1,415,633 hectares, and produced 18,927,226 metric quintals (of 100 kg.) of various crops, of a total value of 1,591,526,024 drachmae. In 1920 the annual production, in quintals of the chief crops, was given as follows: wheat 3,318,709, maize 2,320,723, must 1,816,793, barley 1,529,651, olive oil 1,410,- 918, currants 995,530, oats 579,953, rye 333,914, tobacco 310,864.
The progress of agriculture has been delayed by the small size of the holdings in most parts of the country; but this obstacle has been to some extent overcome by the law of 1915 on agricultural cooperative associations. In 1918 there were already 730 of these associations in existence with a membership of 27,051; more than half of these were loan associations to which the National Bank was authorized to advance up to 25,000,000 drachmae. Greece however still depends on foreign imports for her cereals. The average annual consumption per head is 180 okes (one oke = 2-832 Ib. avoir.) while the average home production is 126 okes. The annexation of Thrace and (provisionally) of Ionia should remedy this defect. Meanwhile in other parts of the country, where estates are too large, as in Thessaly, and the metayer system prevails (the cultivator paying to the proprietor one-third or one-half of the gross produce), these estates are being broken up by the application of Law 1,072 on expropriation drafted by M. Michalakopoulos, in the Govern- ment of Venizelos. An agricultural bank to cover Crete, Macedonia and the islands, was being established in 1921, and agricultural instruction seriously organized. The agricultural population of Old Greece (1911) constituted 61 % of the total population, and it is estimated that this proportion was raised to 65% by the annexation of Macedonia. The use of chemical manures is rapidly growing: in 1910 only 611,780 kg. were used, while the figure had risen in 1914 to 6,592,785 kilogrammes.
Forests. The area under forests in 1914 was 1,600,000 hectares, half in Old Greece and the rest in the provinces acquired in 1913. They were valued at 320,000,000 drachmae, and the gross revenue estimated at 38,000,000 (19,300,000 in Old Greece).
Fisheries. The annual produce of Greek fisheries was estimated in 1920 at 28,700,000 okes, of which 23,700,000 were the produce of State waters. In 1918 the yield was valued at 1,544,120 drachmae. In Sept. 1919 there were 1,941 fishing vessels registered at 84 ports, with total crews of 7,689 men.
Manufactures. In 1920 there were 2,211 factories employing 36,- 124 workpeople, with plants valued at 260,518,437 dr. and an out- put at 871,494,508 drachmae. Of these 2,211 factories, 1,870 used power (40,000 H.P. in all), 570 steam, 283 oil, 383 electricity, 308 gas and 326 water-power. Water-power is used in flour-mills and macaroni factories (1,662 H.P.), oil refineries (202 H.P.), chemical industries (1,095 H.P.), textile industries (3,288 H.P.), tanneries (10 H.P.) and wood-work (15 H.P.). The development of water- power, in which Macedonia is remarkably rich, !s expected to be of great importance in the future. The lake of Oslro.-o alone, with the river Voda, is said to be capable of giving a force of 34,000 H.P., besides the rivers Vardar (4,000 H.P.), Vistritsa (3,000 H.P.) and
