German ships, which had been interned in Manila harbour at the beginning of the World War, were seized after the American declaration of war, and the crews sent to an internment camp in the United States after a partly successful attempt had been made to damage the machinery and scuttle the vessels. Business during the war was brisk, notwithstanding the lack of shipping; but after the war, a depression developed from which the islands had not recovered in 1921. Governor-General Harrison resigned his post, as from March 3 1921, because of the change of adminis- tration in the United States, and Vice- Governor Yeater became acting governor-general. Shortly after assuming office, Presi- dent Harding despatched Maj.-Gen. Leonard Wood and W. Cameron Forbes to the Philippines to make a complete survey and report on conditions. On Oct. 5 1921 Gen. Wood took oath of office as governor-general of the islands.
The Wood-Forbes report recommended, among other things, " that the present general status of the Philippine Islands con- tinue until the people have had time to absorb and thoroughly master the powers already in their hands, " and " that under no circumstances should the American Government permit to be established in the Philippine Islands a situation which would leave the United States in a position of responsibility without authority."
BIBLIOGRAPHY. John Arnold, The Philippines (official guide, Manila, Bureau of Printing, 1912); H. Otley Beyer, Population of the Philippine Islands in ipi6 (1917); Carl Crow, America and the Philippines (1914) ; Frederick Chamberlin, The Philippine Problem, 1898-1913 (1913) ; Charles B. Elliott, The Philippines to the End of the Commission Government and The Philippines to the End of the Military Regime; Mary H. Fee, A Woman's Impressions of the Phil- ippines (1910); Leandro H. Fernandez, A Brief History of the Philippines; Maximo M. Kalaw, Th Case for the Filipino (1916), A Guide Book to the Philippine Question (1919), and Self-Government in the Philippines (1919); George A. Malcolm, The Government of the Philippine Islands (1916); Hugo Miller, Economic Conditions in the Philippines (1920) ; Jos6 P. Melencio, Arguments against Philippine Independence and their Answers (1919); Population and Mortality of the Philippine Islands (Bull. No. 4, Manila 1920) ; James A. Robertson, The Extraordinary Sessions of the Philippine Legislature and the Work of the Philippine Assembly (1910) and The Philippines since the Inauguration of the Philippine Assembly (1917); Statistical Bulletin No. 2 (Manila 1919); Cornells de Witt Willcox, The Headhunters af Northern Luzon (1912); Daniel R. Williams, The Odyssey of the Philippine Commission (1913); Dean C. Worcester, The Philippines Past and Present (1914).
(J. A. Ro.)
PHILLIMORE, WALTER GEORGE FRANK PHILLIMORE, 1ST BARON (1845- ), English judge, was born in London Nov.
21 1845, the eldest son of Sir Robert Joseph Phillimore, ist
bart., a distinguished judge and authority on ecclesiastical
and international law (see 21.405). He was educated at West-
minster and Christ Church, Oxford, where he had a distinguished
career, obtaining first classes in classics and law, winning the
Vinerian scholarship and being elected to an All Souls fellow-
ship. He was called to the bar in 1868. In 1885 he succeeded
his father as 2nd bart., and in 1897 was made a judge of the
Queen's Bench division, being in 1913 appointed a lord justice
of appeal. He retired from the bench in 1916, and in 1918 was
raised to the peerage.
As an authority on ecclesiastical law Lord Phillimore carried on the tradition of his family. He published a revised edition of J. H. Blunt's Book of Church Law (1872), besides a second edition of Sir Robert Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law (1895), and also contributed the articles Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction and Canon Law (in part) to the E.B. He was from 1905 to 1908 president of the International Law Association, and has pub- lished Three Centuries of Treaties of Peace and their Teaching (1917), besides issuing (1889) a third edition of vol. iv. of Sir Robert Phillimore's International Law. In 1918 he was appointed chairman of the naval prize tribunal. He was English repre- sentative on the commission which sat at The Hague (1920) to prepare the scheme of a permanent Court of International Jus- tice, and was also chairman of the Foreign Office committee on the League of Nations.
PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868-1915), English poet (see 21.407), died at Deal Dec. 9 1915.
PHILLPOTTS, EDEN (1862- ), British novelist, poet and dramatist, was born in India Nov. 4 1862, and was educated at
Plymouth. He was a clerk for ten years in the Sun fire insurance
office, then studied for the stage, but turned his attention to
literature, producing a number of successful novels with a
Devonshire setting. They include Some Everyday Polks (1893);
Children of the Mist (1898); The Human Boy (1899); Sons of
the Morning (1900); My Devon Year (1903); The Mother (1908;
dramatized 1913) ; Orphan Dinah (1920) and a play, St. George
and the Dragons (1919). His play, The Secret Woman (drama-
tized from his novel of that title), was refused a licence but,
after a public protest by twenty-four authors, it was performed
six times at matinees in 1912 under the management of Mr.
Granville Barker. He also published single poems such as
The Iscariot (1912), and two collections of poems, Plain Song
(1917) and As the Wind Blows (1920).
PHILOSOPHY (see 21.440). At the opening of the decade 1910-20, the ground covered by the philosophical sciences was so vast that any one writer could see only a small portion of it in clear perspective; and even within the partial field where he was most at home, he might well find it hard to catch the real drift of tendencies which had not fully disclosed their ultimate scope.
Among the leading philosophers of that date three distin- guished representatives of already established types of thought, William James, Shadworth Hodgson and Alfred Fouillee, were shortly to pass away. In Shadworth Hodgson there passed from the scene perhaps the last survivor of the classic " British " succession of thinkers, whose characteristic method in philosophy was the direct psychological analysis of the given " moment of experience " as distinct from metaphysical or epistemological inquiry into the " transcendental " implications of Being or of Thought. His philosophy seems likely to be the last attempt to develop a system in entire independence of the influence of Kant's " Copernican revolution," unless, indeed, the recent work of Prof. S. Alexander should prove capable of development into something like a system. William James's work in general philosophy exhibits three distinct strains, none too closely connected with one another: (i) a fundamental metaphysical pluralism; (2) a radical empiricism in method; (3) the adoption in logic of a purely utilitarian theory of truth and falsehood. It was this peculiar view of truth as " that which works " or " that which produces practically useful results " which, from its apparently paradoxical character, made the principal sensa- tion among James's contemporaries for the moment, and from which he chose the name (" pragmatism ") for his type of thought; but it is open to question whether his abiding place in the history of philosophy will not depend primarily on his, brilliant defence of pluralism against the singularism of philoso- phies of the " one substance " and " absolutist " types.
The outstanding event in 1910-2, as far as philosophy is concerned, was certainly the rapid rise of Bergson to a European reputation. Les Donnees Immediate! de la Conscience had been published as long ago as 1889, Matiere el Memoire in 1896, and L'Evolution Creatrice had reached a fourth edition in 1908, but the author's ideas can hardly be said to have attracted uni- versal attention much before 1910. The English translations, Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution all belong to 1910-1. A great amount of work in various Euro- pean languages appeared in exposition or criticism of Bergson's. special tenets. Special reference may perhaps be made to H. W. Carr's Henri Bergson, The Philosophy of Change (1911), and J. McKellar Stewart's A Critical Exposition of Bergson's Philosophy (1912). Without attempting to pronounce on the permanent value of Bergson's ideas, it may at least be said that his works contain the most systematic and brilliant exposition of Irration- alism since Schopenhauer, and that his presentation has the advantage of exhibiting the irrationalist position unencumbered by Schopenhauer's temperamental pessimism.
Bergson's main doctrine may perhaps be briefly summarized as follows. The human intellect is itself a product of evolution, a tool fashioned by natural selection for the purpose of enabling mankind to find their way about among the inanimate bodies
