valuable industry- Agriculture plays but a very secondary part, and it is upon industry that the population is mainly dependent. The pop. amounts to 703,000, which, on an area of 1,900 sq. km., shows a density of 370 persons per sq. km. The population is very unevenly distributed. It is very dense in the industrial regions, in the valley around mineheads, and wherever factories have been built. It is sparse in the farm and forest lands. The chief towns are Saarbruck (110,000), Voeltlingen (19,000), Sarrelouis (16,000), Dillingen (8,000), Merzich (9,000), which are all in the valley itself. Then there are the mining towns elsewhere: Dudweiler (21,000), Sulzbach (23,000), Friedrichsthal (14,000), and the industrial town of Neuenkirchen (35,000). The chief towns in the Bavarian por- tion of the territory are St. Ingbert (19,000), Homburg and Blies- kastel. The chief industry, and the only one mentioned in the Peace Treaty, is the extraction of coal. The mines being worked in 1921 are situated in a district bounded on the one side by the Saar Valley from Burbach to Fraulautern, and by two lines drawn from Waldmohr (N.E. of Neuenkirchen) to Burbach and Fraulautern. Mines are most closely clustered in the little valleys between Saar- bruck and Neuenkirchen, and before the war all of them, with the exception of those at Hostenbach and Frankenholz, belonged to Prussia or Bavaria. The total production of the basin averaged 12,000,000 tons a year. It exceeded 13,000,000 tons in 1913, and, in the opinion of experts, a very considerable increase in output ought to be obtained without much difficulty. All the mines are worked for France, with the exception of that of Frankenholz, which was left in the hands of the company which previously owned it. Output fell off during the war, as the result of fewer working hours and less productive labour. In 1920 about 9,500,000 tons were pro- duced, and in 1921 the output would have been bigger had it not been for the general economic crisis. The mines employ over 70,000 persons, and, taking into account their dependents, it may be safely said that about a third of the total population of the country relies upon the mines for its living. The output is consumed, to the extent of about 50%, locally. The rest is exported to Alsace- Lorraine, France and Southern Germany. The export market varies in accordance with the general economic situation. The coal is not very satisfactory for the purposes of steel manufacture, and has to be mixed with coal from the Ruhr before it produces good coke. On the other hand, it is very suitable for heating and the manufacture of lighting gas, and therefore finds a ready sale to railways and municipal authorities. Metallurgical industry is highly developed, and there are no less than 31 blast-furnaces and many steel plants. The factories, which are run by powerful com- panies, are situated at Burbach, Brebach, Voeltlingen, Dillingen, Neuenkirchen and St. Ingbert. The steel output in 1912 was over 2,000,000 tons. Since the Armistice French capital has been largely invested in the metal industries of the Saar and metal workers and miners receive their wages in francs. There are a number of works producing machines and machine tools, so that after coal the iron and steel trades rank as second in importance. Glass and ceramic industries, the former at Sulzbach and St. Ingbert, and the latter at Mettlach and Merzich, are the next important employers of labour. There are over 120,000 persons, counting 70,000 miners, industrially employed. The majority of the workmen are natives of the country, and labour therefore has a stability not often to be found.
Communications. A good system of communications provides an outlet for these industrial products. Saarbruck is at the junction of the Metz-Mayence and Strassburg Treves-Cologne line, and is also on a direct line towards Ludwigshafen and the Rhine, as well as in connexion with a number of minor or local railways. There is also a canal through the Saar, which has been canalized upstream from Sarrelouis in order to meet the mine canal and the Marne-Rhine canal in Lorraine. There is no waterway towards the Moselle.
General Considerations. It will be seen that the population is almost entirely industrial. In the towns there are wholesale and retail dealers, and the works and factories are owned by big limited companies. There is therefore but a small middle class and a back- ward intellectual and artistic development. From a religious point of view Catholics are in a considerable majority, although there is a fairly strong group of Protestants at Saarbruck. Since the German revolution the Socialists and Catholic Centre have been practically numerically equal; and trades unions are either Christian or Red. It is economic questions, output and wages which chiefly concern people. In 1921 there were a number of problems to which no definite sol Jtion had been found. There were the change of the Customs front- ier, the coexistence in the Saar of. the French franc (with its higher and more stable rate of exchange) and the German mark, and the natural increase of economic relations with France. The great resources of the country, however, enabled one to hope that the Saar would be able to adapt itself to these new conditions. The stipulations of the Treaty of Peace, in placing the territory under the authority of a government independent both of France and of Germany, were peculiarly calculated to assist the economic develop- ment of the region. They gave to the Saar the means of protecting its own interests, and at the same time spared it the burdens and worries which are the common fate of all great states. (P. DE T.)
SABINE, WALLACE CLEMENT WARE (1868-1919), American
educator, was born at Richwood, O., Jyne 13 1868. He graduated from Ohio State University in 1886 at the age of 18 and after two
years' further study at Harvard received the degree of A.M. In
1889 he was made assistant in physics at Harvard and the following year instructor. After passing through the usual stages of pro-
motion he was appointed professor of mathematics and natural
philosophy in 1905 and the following year assumed the deanship
of the newly organized Graduate School of Applied Science. He
was an inspiring teacher but his publications were confined to
papers contributed to scientific journals. In 1916 he went to
France as exchange professor at the Sorbonne but devoted most of
his time to removing French tuberculous patients to Switzerland
under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1917, how-
ever, he lectured on architectural acoustics, a subject of which
he had made a special study. He himself fell a victim to tubercu-
losis and died in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 10 1919.
SAGE, MRS. RUSSELL [MARGARET OLIVIA SLOCUM] (1828-
1918), American philanthropist, was born at Syracuse, N.Y., Sept. 8 1828, being descended on her father's side from Capt. Miles Standish. After graduating in 1847 from the Troy (N.Y.) Female Seminary, afterwards known as the Emma Willard School, she taught, first in Philadelphia, and later in Syracuse and Troy
until 1869 when she became the second wife of Russell Sage (see
23.1002). She proved herself a shrewd business woman and for
several years before his death had full control of his affairs. She
had long been interested in charities, and in estimating the serv-
ices of Sage himself it should be remembered that he left to her
without restriction his entire fortune, over $64,000,000, doubtless
foreseeing its probable final distribution to charity. In 1907 the
Russell Sage Foundation was incorporated under the laws of the
state of New York, for the "improvement of social and living
conditions of the United States of America," and to it she gave
$10,000,000. The Foundation made many surveys of social and
educational conditions in various states and issued many publica-
tions dealing especially with housing improvement and reform.
In 1912 Mrs. Sage bought Marsh I., off the Louisiana coast, con-
taining about 79,000 ac., later turned over to the state as a perma-
nent refuge for birds. She died in New York City Nov. 4 1918.
Her will provided that after enumerated bequests to relatives
and friends amounting to about $12,000,000, the residue, some
$36,000,000, should be divided into 52 parts and variously distrib-
uted to many colleges, museums, hospitals, charitable institu-
tions, Bible societies and missions. To most of these she had made
gifts during her lifetime. The largest portion, seven parts, was
left to the Russell Sage Foundation. It was estimated that during
her life she had made public gifts of some $40,002,000.
SAID, HALIM, PRINCE (1859-1921), Turkish statesman, was born at Cairo in 1859, a nephew of the Khedive Ismail. He was
a keen politician, and became the official head of the Young Turk
party, which carried out the revolution of 1908. He was called
upon by Sultan Mahommed V. to form a Cabinet in 1911, and
remained at the head of affairs until July 1912. After the murder
of Shefket Pasha in June 1913 he became grand vizier and Minis-
ter for Foreign Affairs, and during his tenure of power was a
strong supporter of German influence in Turkey. He resigned
in Feb. 1917. He was murdered in Rome Dec. 6 1921.
SAID PASHA (1830-1914), Turkish statesman (see 23.1008*),
again became chief minister in the autumn-of 1911, and in Dec.
proposed to restore to the Sultan the power of dissolving the
Chamber without the assent of the Senate. This proceeding
gave rise to many storms, and Said Pasha reconstructed his
Cabinet Jan. 22 1912. On Jan. 21 he published in the London
Daily Telegraph the proposed reform programme of his Ministry.
He was forced to tesign July 17 1912 owing to the strength of
ths revolutionary movement in the army. He died in 1914.
ST. ALDWYN, MICHAEL EDWARD HICKS BEACH, 1ST EARL
(1837-1916), English statesman (see 23.1013), was created an earl in 1915- He died in London April 30 1916.
ST. JOHN, FLORENCE (1854-1912), English actress, whose maiden name was Greig, was born at Tavistock, Devon, March 8 1854. She was three times married, first to Mr. St. John, R.N., secondly to Lithgow James, and lastly to C. D. Marius, both on the stage. Her first appearance was in 1868, and she subsequently
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