fought vigorously. Their positions were as strong by art as the Moglena positions were by nature, or stronger, and the attack lacked depth owing to the detachment of a division to work with Anselme's force, and to the low effective strength of units. 1 Thus it met with the same fate as those of 1917 small gains of ground consolidated and held after far larger gains had been for a moment achieved. A second attack next day was no more successful. But for these critical days a large force of the enemy had been completely held.
On the 2oth and 2ist the exploitation of the break-through was completed. The Serbian I. Army, no longer simply guarding the flank of the II., crossed the Cerna and began a drive along the mountains of the Cerna bend to which the Italians and the French of the " A.F.O." conformed little by little. The Serbian II. Army reached the Vardar between Krivolak and Demir Kapu, and its right horn continued to push due eastward along the mountain positions in front of Anselme's force, which progressively came into action from left to right. By the afternoon of the 2ist the Doiran-Vardar front was in collapse, and the British aeroplanes were bombing the intermingled troops and transport of the enemy which was seeking to make their way through Kosturino to Lyumnitsa.
From that day, though progress was sometimes slow, some- times fast, the Allied offensive became a strategic pursuit in the full sense of the word, marked by a consistent policy of outflanking, as rapidly as possible, any solid line of resistance which the enemy managed to create. Thus, on the 24th, the resolute front offered by a hastily assembled German force on the line of the Vardar near Gradsko (the administrative centre and organized base of the enemy's centre) was turned on the N. by the steady advance of the Serbian I. Army on Veles (24th-25th), and once released thereby the Serbian II. Army marched at high speed on Shtip (25th), Nochaua (26th), and Tsarevo Selo (27th), behind the rear of the forces that were giving ground before the British, who in turn worked down the Strumnitsa basin and (in concert with the Greeks further to the right) ascended the upper Struma region, with their aeroplanes sent ahead to bomb the Kresna defile.
Thus, too, when infantry fighting threatened to become stable between Veles and Shtip, the French cavalry brigade under Gen. Jouinot-Gambetta, instead of becoming involved in the Veles fighting, made an independent dash upon Uskub, and to the astonishment of both sides seized that vital centre on the morning of the 29th. This event, which secured the com- munication between the (so-called) XI. Army and the remainder of the Bulgarians, forced the latter into the region of Egri Palanka, and the former into that of Kosovo. Thenceforward the I. Serbian Army, with the upper Morava as the axis of movement, moved steadily northwards with its right on the Bulgarian border, and its left following approximately the line Gilau-Kinshumlia-Kralyevo, reached Racha-Krushevats-Pirot on Oct. 15, Kralyevo-Parachin-Zayechar on Oct. 23, Pozhare- vats-Arangyelovats-Uzhitseon Oct. 28, Belgrade-Lyuboviya on Nov. i, and the old barriers of the Drina, Sava, and Danube on Nov. 4. Meantime, the II. Army had reconquered Kosovo and the Sanjak of Novipazar, reaching Priboy and Plevlye on Nov. i. By that time the strategic pursuit further E. had be- come a series of movements authorized by the terms of an armistice, and to the W. Pflanzer-Baltin was evacuating in turn Albania and Montenegro, with, as his only purpose, the main- tenance of his divisions as formed military units. The Balkan Campaigns were at an end.
For the Salonika campaigns 1915-17, the principal authority is Sarrail's Man Commandement en Orient, which is profusely docu- mented; with this should be taken Gen. Milne's despatches. The German part in the Cerna bend battles of 1916 is described in K. Lubmann's monograph Herbstschlacht in Mazedonien, written from official archives. The crowning offensive of 1918 is dealt with fairly fully in C. Photiades La Victoire des Allies en Orient. (X.)
SALTING, GEORGE (1835-1909), British art collector, was born at Sydney, N.S.W., Aug. 15 1835. His father, a Dane, had
1 At that time influenza was raging in the British force.
made a large fortune by sheep-farming and sugar-growing, and on inheriting this Salting devoted himself to collecting, with great taste and discrimination, Chinese porcelain and English and French furniture and pictures. He led a very simple life and was of retiring and somewhat eccentric habits. On his death, which took place in London Dec. 12 1909, it was found that his price- less treasures had been left to the nation. They are now housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum, the British Museum and the National Gallery.
SALVADOR (see 24.96). The estimated pop. in 1912 was 1,161,425; in 1917 1,700,000, indicating a pop. denser than that of any American republic except Haiti. In 1918 births numbered 49*783, deaths 33,884 and marriages 3,653. Of the births 21,528 were legitimate and 28,255 illegitimate. Most of the upper class are of European descent and reflect European influences; the lower class has a higher standard of living than has that of Nicaragua or Guatemala. The agriculturists are prosperous and alert; few of them are foreigners. Coffee is the principal crop; some 70,000,000 Ib. a year are normally exported to the United States, France, Germany, etc. It constitutes 80% of the total exportation. In 1916 there were 153,517 ac. under cultivation, containing 95,000,000 coffee-trees. The 1917 crop was damaged by the great earthquake of June 7, which partly destroyed five towns. Other products are cacao, tobacco, rub- ber and sugar. Cultivation of cotton and wheat is being encour- aged. Corn is extensively raised, because of the domestic demand. Live stock was estimated in 1919 at 284,013 head of cattle, 74,336 horses, 21,457 sheep, and 422,980 hogs. Mine products include gold, silver, iron, copper and mercury. There are native mining companies as well as English and American. The gold output runs about $1,500,000 per annum.
Foreign trade is in the hands of English, Dutch and German export- ers and wholesalers. Its annual value 1912-8 was:
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Imports
Exports
1912
1913 1914
1915
1916 1917 1918
86,744,859
6,173,545 4,958,624 4,022,167 5,668,000
2,719,095 5,979,000
$ 9,942,184
9,938,724 10,796,495 10,563,871 9,970,000 10,588,900 12,069,000
In 1919 the exports to the United States were $4,146,113, the imports from the United States $5,821,920. National revenues and expenditures, in pounds sterling, were reported as follows:
1915-6
1916-7
1917-8
1918-9
1919-20
Revenues Exp'd't's
850,114 1,058,219
908,325 916,704
1,998,810 1,013,842
1,382,644 1,874,079
1,670,056 1,692,692
The estimated revenue for 1920-1 was stated at 14,726,170 colones, and expenditures 16,227,580 colones, leaving a deficit of 1,501,410 colones. The colon was fixed at $0.50 by law of Sept. 1 1 1919. Prior to that time it was normally worth $0.3978, but in 1917 it was worth $0.60 and by Dec. 31 1918 $0.72. The national debt at the end of 1918 was $11,098,000.
Education has long been nominally free and compulsory, but until recently received little attention from the Government. In 1911 there were 173,495 children of school age and only 21,569 in primary schools, which numbered 486; in 1916 only about one-fourth of the 245,251 children of school age were in the 989 primary schools. In the principal towns the schools have done excellent work, though with poor accommodation. In rural districts there were in 1916 only three grades, with a fourth year of industrial instruction added. The lower classes were thus purposely left without educational facili- ties in order to exclude them from the professions. The secondary schools, of which there are 27, lacked trained teachers and funds, as did the National University. In the latter, graduates of the secondary schools are offered courses in jurisprudence, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and engineering. In 1919 a law for eradicating illiteracy was enacted, and a campaign begun to reduce the pro- portion, then 70%, ignorant of the alphabet. The budget estimate for 1920-1 contained an appropriation of 1,831,374 colones for edu- cation. Other social measures were a campaign against alcoholism inaugurated by the Superior Council of Health, and the inception of a federation of working-men's societies.
History. After 1909 Salvador remained substantially at peace within her borders and with her neighbours. President Fernando Figueroa was succeeded by Manuel Enrique Araujo
