Athletics, Track and Field. The Olympic Games were held at Stockholm in July 1912, the highest number of points being scored by the United States, and again at Antwerp in 1920, the 7th Olym- piad being projected for Paris in 1924.
While the United States won the track and field events of the 1920 Olympic games in Antwerp by a considerable margin in the point score, and set new records in the pole vault, the high jump, and the 400- metre hurdles, the Americans totalled only 9 first places, the same as the team of 24 men from Finland. The "stars" of the American team were C. W. Paddock in the 100 metres, Allan Wood- ring in the 200 metres, Frank Loomis in the 4OO-metre hurdles, Richard Landon in the high jump, Frank Foss in the pole vault, Pat Ryan in the hammer, Pat McDonald in the 56-lb. weight, and H. H. Brown, the individual winner in the 3OOO-metre team race, the only American to win a distance event. In swimming the Americans were supreme, with Duke Kahanamoku and Kealoha, both of Hawaii, Norman Ross, Ethelda Bleibtrey, Aileen Riggin and Charlotte Boyle. The winners at the American eastern college meetings were: 1911, Cornell; 1912, Pennsylvania; 1913, Pennsyl- vania; .1914, Cornell; 1915, Cornell; 1916, Cornell; 1918, Cornell; 1919, Cornell; 1920, Pennsylvania; 1921, California. Princeton won against Oxford (July 8 1920) at Queen's Club, London, by 6 events to 4. At the Pennsylvania Relay Games (April 3o-May I 1920) the Oxford-Cambridge 2-m. team, Tatham, Stallard, Milligan and Rudd, set a new world's record of 7 min. 50 f sec.
Cricket. Before the war English cricket was in a flourishing condition. The visit of a South African team to Australia in 1910-1, in which the South Africans did hardly as well as had been expected, served as a prelude to the so-called Triangular Tournament of 1912 ; and in the meantime an English team under the management of the Marylebone Cricket Club carried through a successful tour in 1911-2. Of 18 eleven-a-side matches the M.C.C. team lost only the first test match; four were drawn, and 1 8, including four test matches, were won by the Englishmen. At the end of 1910 a team sent to South Africa by the M.C.C. won two and lost three test matches. In 1912 the interest in county cricket was largely eclipsed by the Triangular Tournament between England, Australia and South Africa, in which nine test matches were played. England proved victorious, winning four matches (three against South Africa and one against Australia) and drawing twice with Australia, owing to bad weather. The Australians beat the South Africans twice. Of the 102 matches played up to 1920 between England and Aus- tralia, England won 46 and Australia 35. Of those played in England the home team won 17 and Australia 8, and 17 were drawn. In those played in Australia England won 30 and Australia 27, three being drawn. In 1921, however, in their visit to England, the Australians won an easy victory.
A new method of deciding the English county championship was inaugurated in 1911. With the idea of discouraging the players from aiming at drawn matches, five points were given for a win, and three points (with one point to the losing side) for a first-innings victory. The championship was won by Warwickshire in 1911, by Yorkshire in 1912 and by Kent in 1913. In 1914 the championship was not decided owing to the outbreak of war, but the M.C.C. Committee adjudged Surrey the winners. It was resumed in 1919, when a new system was adopted, by which only wins counted, the winners being the county with the highest proportion of wins to matches played. Yorkshire was at the head of the list in 1919, and Middlesex in 1920 and 1921.
The Oxford and Cambridge match was not played between 1915 and 1918. In 1911, 1914 and 1919 Oxford won, and in 1912, 1913 and 1921 Cambridge were the winners, the match in 1920 being drawn. From 1911 to 1921, with the exception of the years 1915 to 1918, when the match was not played, Eton won against Harrow.
English Football. (i) Rugby. In 1911 a French team for the first time was victorious in an international match, beating Scotland in Paris. In the same season Wales beat England, Ireland, Scotland and France; Ireland beat England, Scotland and France; England at Twickenham beat Scotland and France. In 1912 all the interna- tional matches that took place in the United Kingdom were won by the fifteen playing in its own country. England defeated Wales and Ireland, but narrowly lost to Scotland. Ireland beat Scotland and Wales, and Wales beat Scotland. In no match was France vic- torious. A strong South African team began a tour in Great Britain in the autumn of 1912. After gaining several decisive victories over counties, the South Africans lost to Newport, were with great difficulty victorious over Llanelly, the United Services and London, beat Oxford and Cambridge Universities, were narrowly beaten at Twickenham by another London fifteen, and easily beat Scotland at Edinburgh. They next gained their most decisive victory at Dublin, securing 36 points against Ireland, and beat Wales by a try at Cardiff, but lost to Swansea by the same margin. In the inter- national matches in 1913 England defeated Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France; Wales beat Scotland, Ireland and France; Scotland beat Ireland and France; and Ireland beat France. In 1914 England beat Scotland, Wales, Ireland and France; Wales beat Scotland, Ireland and France; and Ireland beat Scotland and France. From 1915 to 1919 the matches were not played. In 1920 England beat Scotland, Ireland and France; Wales beat England, Ireland and France; Scotland beat Wales, Ireland and France; and France beat
Ireland. The University match went in favour of Oxford in 1910, 1911, and 1913. Cambridge won in 1912, 1914, 1915 and 1920. (2) Association. In 1910 a tour was undertaken in Brazil by the Corinthian Football Club, and another in North America in 1911-2. From 1907 to 1914 amateur international football was affected by a dissension among English clubs. In consequence of the Football Association insisting upon the admission of professional clubs (so-called) to the district associations, a large number of amateur clubs, including the University, College and Public Schools Club, seceded to form the Amateur Football Association. The officers of the army, while sympathizing with the seceders, considered it advisable for the sake of regimental football to retain their con- nexion with the Football Association. But in 1911-2 they used their influence to promote a reconciliation. A conference was held at which the delegates of the two associations only failed to arrive at an agreement because the older body would not accept an arrange- ment by which the younger could receive the adherence of newly formed amateur clubs. In 1914, however, the Football Association and the Amateur Football Association sank their differences. The Amateur elevens of the Football Association won matches with Wales, Belgium, France and Holland in 1910-1, but lost to Ireland. In 1911-2, besides victories at the Olympic Games, they defeated Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Holland and Belgium. The Amateur Football Association teams beat Wales and France in both seasons. The full representative eleven of the Football Association defeated Ireland and Wales in 1911 and drew with Scotland. Ireland lost to Wales and Scotland, and Scotland drew with Wales. In 1912 England and Scotland again played an indecisive match, but both beat Wales and Ireland; Wales lost three matches. In 1913 England beat Scotland and Wales; Wales beat Ireland and drew with Scot- land; Scotland beat Ireland; and Ireland beat England. In 1914 England beat Wales; Scotland beat England; Ireland beat England andi Wales and drew with Scotland ; and Wales drew with Scotland. In 1920 England beat Scotland and Ireland ; Wales beat England and drew with Ireland and Scotland; and Scotland beat Ireland. The Football Association Cup was won in 1911 by Bradford City, in 1912 by Barnsley, in 1913 by Aston Villa, in 1914 by Burnley, in I 9 I 5 by Sheffield United, and in 1920 by Aston Villa. The champion- ship of the Football League was carried off by Manchester United in
1911, by Blackburn Rovers in 1912, by Sunderland in 1913, by Blackburn Rovers in 1914, by Everton in 1915, and by West Brom- wich Albion in 1920. The principal trophy of the Amateur Football Association was won in 1911 by the Old Malvernians, in 1912 by Oxford City, in 1913 by the New Crusaders, in 1914 by Baling, and in 1920 by Dulwich Hamlet. The Arthur Dunn cup for public school clubs fell to the Old Reptonians in 1911, to the Old Malvernians in
1912, to the Old Brightonians in 1913, to the Old Reptonians in 1914, to the Old Wykehamists in 1920, and to the Old Carthusians in 1921. Oxford won the University match in 1911 and Cambridge won in 1912, 1913, 1915; in 1914 and 1920 the match was drawn.
American Football. -OS all amateur sports in America, college football (the American Rugby game) drew the largest crowds and aroused the greatest enthusiasm. Occasional professional teams drew big gate receipts, especially in Ohio and Michigan, where the professional game was popular, but in general it was not encouraged. After 1908 a number of colleges abandoned football because of the deaths and injuries that resulted from the old-style mass playing. In the following years, especially in 1910 and 1912, radical revisions of the old rules were made ; the new rules were designed to foster a more open style of play and to make the game more interesting to spectators. The periods of play, formerly two halves of 35 min. each, were altered to four periods of 15 min. each, with an inter- mission of one minute between the first and second, and third and fourth periods, and 15 min. between the second and third periods. The playing field, from goal line to goal line, was shortened from 1 10 to 100 yd. and each side was given four trials in which to make the required 10 yd. The removal of the restrictions on the forward pass was one of the most conspicuous changes; this with other new rules, had the effect of encouraging an open, running game, in which the advantage lay rather in quick thinking and skillful play- ing than in mere weight or strength. The full possibilities of the new rules were not realized for some time, but, as familiarity with them increased, the play became more spectacular, and there was no question that the game had been improved from the standpoint of both spectator and player. Ordinarily the schedule of football games was not designed to determine the champion team among eastern colleges; therefore in reviewing the football games of the decade 1910-20 the choice of the strongest teams is to some extent a matter of opinion. From 1910 to 1915, inclusive, Harvard Uni- versity had a succession of strong teams, which in nearly every year gained what appeared to be a clear title to the championship. The succession was interrupted in 1911, however, when Princeton defeated both Harvard and Yale. In the next year the honours went to the smaller colleges especially the university of Pittsburgh and Colgate University and this was interpreted as due in part to the fact that the new rules had removed certain handicaps from the less powerful teams. Football probably had never been so popular as in 1916; it was estimated that in that year 35,000 games were played throughout the United States, with an attendance of 6,500,000. Owing to the* entrance of the United States into the war, the
