and to the N.E. of Zaleszczyki, having as its centre of gravity the positions N. of Toporowce. In the afternoon also the Russians flung themselves six times on the Austro-Hungarian positions, 15 or 16 rows deep, but in vain. They were driven back with heavy losses either by artillery fire or in hand-to-hand fighting.
On the 28th they repeated their ruthless attacks, which, as at Toporowce and Bojan, became exceedingly violent. The S. wing of the S. army was attacked on the same day by the Russian XI. Army, now commanded by Gen. Sakharov in place of Shtcher- bachev. At Burkanow an Austro-Hungarian outpost on the Mogila height had to be brought back to the main position. On the zpth the battle reached its height. Not only the XI. Corps but also the VI. Corps and the 36th Inf. Div., defending the heights on the E. bank of the Strypa, were furiously attacked.
The Russians had brought up fresh forces from Odessa and Kherson for the attack on the N. wing of Pflanzer's army. The Russian VII. Army, with 5 to 6 divisions of the Caucasian V. Corps and the II. Army Corps, pushed in between Lechitski's and Sakharov's armies, and in addition the II. Cav. Corps came over from Lechitski's S. wing. Considerably reinforced by these new forces, Ivanov continued to bring fresh masses into the attack on the Austro-Hungarian VI. Corps and the 36th Inf. Div. But as on the previous days all these attacks, courageous as they were, broke down. Sakharov's S. wing met with the same fate in attacking the Burkan6w bridge-head. Here the I32nd Inf. Bde. of Hoffmann's Corps heroically repulsed one onslaught after another and brought 900 prisoners behind the lines, leav- ing as many Russian corpses in front of the obstacles.
On the 30th and 3ist the Russians, after hours of preliminary bombardment, renewed their attempts to break through oppo- site the VI. Corps. But Arz, reinforced by the 38th Honved Inf. Div. which had been brought up from the S. army, repulsed all the assaults. On the 3ist the Russians, having had no success, and considerably weakened by their enormous losses, withdrew in the evening. On the Dniester front and the Bessarabian frontier they confined themselves on both days to moderate artillery fire, being greatly exhausted by the preceding days. On the II., I. and IV. Army fronts also, only artillery duels took place.
On New Year's eve and the morning of Jan. i 1916 the attacks on Pflanzer's S. wing in Bessarabia increased in intensity. But Korda repulsed all the Russian IX. Corps attacks in hand- to-hand fighting, with the help of the 9th Inf. Bde., which had come up from the Italian theatre. In the afternoon 6 Russian infantry regiments returned to the assault at Rarancze, and suc- ceeded in forcing back the Austro-Hungarian position by about 300 paces on a breadth of 1,200 paces. A counter-attack was at once put in hand, but could not penetrate owing to renewed Rus- sian attacks. Arz's and Bothmer's S. wing, which was attacked by the Russian XXII. Corps at Sokolov, repulsed all attacks on New Year's day.
On the 2nd the Russians repeated their efforts to break through at Rarancae, but failed in each case. But in view of the Russians' superior numbers, the Austro-Hungarian higher command re- nounced the idea of winning back the lost position.
On the 3rd and 4th the battle burst forth again on the Dniester front. At Toporowce and Rarancze furious fighting again took place. But the Russians' efforts remained fruitless, their attacks being frustrated by the striking bravery of the defenders in close fighting. Here the bravt Croats of the i6th Inf. Reg. played a most glorious part. At Ocna, too, and at the bridge-head of Michalcze, N.W. of Uscieczko, the front and flanks of which were already surrounded by the Russians, all attacks were untiringly repulsed. On the sth, after these assaults, a short lull set in once more in E. Galicia and on the Bessarabian frontier.
On Jan. 7, the Russian Christmas Day, which was also the opening day of the attack on Montenegro, the Russian storm- masses again attacked the VII. Army. At Dobropole a counter- attack by the i2th Inf. Div. drove the troops of the 3rd Turkestan Div. out of a captured line of trenches. At n A.M. the Russians opened a heavy bombardment on the Korda's XI. Corps, follow- ing it up at one o'clock with an infantry attack on the Toporoutz and Rarancze positions. But this again brought no success.
On the Sth, gth and icth, it seemed as if the Russians had again to pause and take breath. Austro-Hungarian airmen reported the approach of new Russian reinforcements opposite the N. wing of Pflanzer's army. On all these three days, however, the Russians continued to fire on the positions. On the loth the firing at Toporowce and Rarancze became considerably more vigorous, and when it reached its greatest intensity on the nth, and finally resolved itself into a bombardment, Korda again prepared for a most determined resistance. From three o'clock in the afternoon until ten in the evening, the Russian masses stormed the Austro-Hungarian positions unceasingly in the attempt to break through. But each new attack ended in a pre- cipitate retreat, thanks to the excellent artillery defence.
Pflanzer's front had meanwhile been reinforced by the 4oth Honved Inf. Div., the 2nd Cav. Div. and the 24th Inf. Division.
It was not until the i3th that the Russians girded themselves for a fresh attack. With their divisions filled by fresh troops, they launched against Korda's positions eight violent assaults before the evening of the I4th, but were obliged to retire each time with heavy losses. This was their last effort. Their strength seemed broken, and on the isth, except for some firing on the positions, there was peace.
The failure of the Russian attacks, and the cessation of hos- tilities against Montenegro which followed on the i7th, indicated the close of the New Year's battle. There were still a few isolated attacks in the next few days, but the need for rest on both sides brought about a speedy return to the war of positions. The embittered attacks of the Russian S. army persisted with only a few intervals for 24 days, ending in a complete victory for Austria-Hungary along the i3o-km. battle-front of the VII. Army. At Rarancze only was a small portion of the front given up, whereas the Russian masses paid heavy tribute before the strong Austrian positions.
Thus the Russians failed to achieve their great aims. Their offensive was not able to save Montenegro from her fate, the Austro-Hungarian front had not been forced back, and the failure of the attack, which cost the Russians at least 170,000 dead and wounded and 6,000 prisoners, could not definitely influence Rumania's policy. (E. J.)
STUART, JAMES (1843-1913), British educationist and
politician, founder of the university extension movement, was born at Balgonie, Fife, Jan. 2 1843, the son of Joseph Gordoa
Stuart, a manufacturer. He was educated at St. Andrews and
at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was third wrangler in.
1866. In 1867 he was elected a fellow of Trinity, and became a.
mathematical tutor. The same year he lectured in astronomy to
women teachers at Liverpool, and such was the success of these
lectures that he was invited to repeat them at other centres.
From this small beginnning arose the university extension,
movement, which, though undertaken at first merely as an.
experiment, has now attained a very great success. In r8;5
Stuart became first professor of mechanism and applied mechan-
ics at Cambridge, and in this capacity was responsible for the
organization of the university workshops and the teaching of
engineering generally. In 1882 he unsuccessfully contested
Cambridge University as a Liberal, but in 1884 was elected for
Hackney. He held this seat till 1885. From 1885 to 1900 he
was member for Hoxton and from 1906 to 1910 member for
Sunderland. He was created a privy councillor in 1909. For many years he was a Progressive member of the London County Council, and was also interested in the management of the Star and the Morning Leader. Stuart married in 1890 Laura Elizabeth, the daughter of J. J. Colman, head of the great firm of mustard manufacturers, and became a director of the firm in 1898. He died at Norwich Oct. 13 1913.
STUART, RUTH McENERY (1856-1917), American writer,
was born in Avoyelles parish, La., in 1856. She was educated in private schools in New Orleans and in 1879 married Alfred C. Stuart, a planter. Her first story, Uncle Mingo's Speculations, appeared in 1888 in the Princeton Review. She moved to New York City in 1891 and soon became known for her stories of negro life in the South. She also wrote much verse for magazines.
