had Incubated for a fortnight, and immediately after the capture of Damascus, officers and men sickened by scores whole regi- ments were temporarily out of action, and on top of the malaria <:ame a savage visitation of the so-called " Spanish " influenza, which preyed upon captors and captives alike, particularly the latter, whose resisting power had been greatly impaired by the privations of a fortnight's disaster and rout.
There now remained no formidable Turkish force in southern or central Syria, and all that remained for the victorious general to do was to occupy the starving lands which he had liberated and move northward in search of a Turkish formation to attack. The 7th (Meerut) Div. was ordered to march up the coast, and made remarkable progress, leaving Haifa on Oct. i, occupying Tyre on the 4th, Sidon on the 6th, Beirut on the 8th, and Tripoli (Tarabulus) on the i8th, while the sth Cav. Div., less affected by malaria and influenza than other cavalry, moved up through the Biqa' along the railway to Kama (Oct. 20), engaged German armoured cars near Khan es Sebil (Oct. 22), and reached Aleppo, which had just been occupied by Arabs, at 10:00 on iOct. 26. The division passed through Aleppo, engaged the Turks on the Alexandretta road, and on the 28th relieved Arab i troops at Muslimie junction astride of the Bagdad railway.
During this advance an uncounted number of Turks were killed, 200 German and Austrian officers and 3,500 men, while over 72,000 Turkish prisoners, 360 guns, 800 machine-guns, and large quantities of locomotives and motor transport were captured. (H. P.-G.)
TURNER, SIR GEORGE (1857-1916), Australian politician, was born at Melbourne Aug. 8 1857 and educated at its Central
school, proceeding on to its university. He was called to the
Victorian bar and in 1889 was elected to the Victorian legis-
lature as member for St. Kilda. Two years later he became
Minister of Health and later held office as Minister of Customs,
Solicitor-General and Minister of Defence. From 1894-9 he
was Premier and Treasurer of his colony and again from 1900-2.
From 1901-5 he was Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Aus-
tralia. He was also president of the Federal Council of Australasia,
'which came to an end in 1899. He represented his colony at
2ueen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee (1897) and was then created
G.C.M.G. and sworn of the Privy Council. He retired from
politics in 1906 and died at Melbourne Aug. 14 1916.
TURNER, SIR WILLIAM (1832–1916), British anatomist,
was born at Lancaster Jan. 7 1832. He was educated at various private schools, and afterwards studied medicine at St. Bartholmew's hospital, and graduated M.B. at London University. In 1854 he became senior demonstrator in anatomy at Edinburgh
University, in 1867 professor of anatomy, and in 1903 was
elected principal and vice-chancellor of the university. He was
from 1898 to 1904 president of the General Medical Council,
and in 1900 was president of the British Association. He was
knighted in 1886 and made a K.C.B. in 1901. Turner was best
mown as a brain surgeon, and published various valuable
papers on the subject. He died at Edinburgh Feb. 15 1916.
TWINING, LOUISA (1820-1912), English philanthropic worker, vas born in London Nov. 16 1820. In early life she was an irtist, and published Symbols and Emblems of Mediaeval Chris- ion Art (1852) and Types and Figures of the Bible (1854). In
- 853, however, she became interested in movements for social
eform, and began the work in connexion with the Poor Law to vhich she devoted the rest of her life. In March 1861 she lelped to establish a home for workhouse girls sent out to service, md in 1864 a Workhouse Visiting Society. In 1867 an act was >assed separating infirmaries from workhouses, and after 12 nore years of work Miss Twining in 1879 established the Work- louse Infirmary Nursing Association. She was a Poor Law ^tardian for Kensington during 1884-90, and for Tonbridge Jnion during 1893-6. She promoted the opening of Lincoln's nn Fields to the public, helped to start the Metropolitan and National Association for nursing the poor in their homes, did nuch to secure the appointment of police matrons, and was iresident of the Women's Local Government Society. She mblished Recollections of Life and Work (1893), Workhouse and Pauperism (1898), and many papers on Poor Law subjects. She died in London Sept. 25 1912.
TYLOR, SIR EDWARD BURNETT (1832-1917), English
anthropologist (see 27.498), died at Wellington, Som., Jan. 2 1917. He was knighted in 1912.
TYPHUS FEVER (see 27.508). This acute specific fever is spread by the agency of the body-louse, and is characterized
by a sudden onset, a maculo-petechial eruption, severe toxaemia,
lasting some 12 to 15 days, and ending by a rapid lysis. The
disease has many synonyms: Typhus exanthema ticus, synochus
putrida, spotted fever, gaol fever, famine fever, prison fever,
Brill's disease. This last term is often applied to denote a
very mild type of the disease occurring in the United States.
Hippocrates' mentions the word " typhus," but he applied it to any stuporous and delirious condition and does not appear to have been acquainted with the fever in question. The malady was appar- ently confused with plague until the i6th century, when Fracas- torius differentiated it from the latter disease and called it petechie. During the i8th and igth centuries typhus fever was well known in Europe, but included typhoid and relapsing fever, from the former of which it was distinguished by a long series of researches beginning with those of Strother, Gilchrist and Huxham in the early i8th cen- tury and ending with the classical work of Still in 1837. From relaps- ing fever typhus was definitely differentiated by Henderson of Edinburgh in 1843.
Climatology and Epidemiology. Typhus is mostly a disease of temperate and cold climates; in tropical countries it occurs only in the hills or during the cool season. In 1921 typhus was endemic in many parts of E. and S.E. Europe, Poland, Galicia, many provinces of Russia and certain districts of the Balkans. It was endemic also in some parts of Asia, Persia, Afghanistan, and an endemic area exists in India on the W. of the Indus, stretching from Baluchistan in the S. to Yusafzai, Hazara, and Kashmir in the N., and then passing eastwards along the ranges of the Himalayas, where it is especially prevalent at Kulu, and also passing southwards into the district of Rawal Pindi. It also occurs in Indo-China, in N. China and in Japan in the province of Hiogo. It does not occur in Australasia or Oceania. In America it is endemic in Mexico, in certain dis- tricts of Peru and northern Chile.
Before the World War it was eradicated from most European countries where hygienic measures for the destruction of vermin were in existence. During the war, extremely severe epidemics raged in the Balkans, Poland and Russia. Epidemics are caused by anything which favours the propagation and dis- semination of lice. The principal factors which do so are: (i) massing together of people of all classes; (2) retaining these masses under conditions which render personal cleanliness and clean clothing difficult or impossible, typically in times of war or famine; (3) a suitable atmospheric temperature, not too high i.e. a temperate zone temperature.
Aetiology. The disease is spread by means of the body-louse, Pediculus carports de Geer (1778). The virus is apparently present in the blood of a patient from the fifth to the twelfth day, but in greatest abundance from the fifth to the seventh day. The louse requires approximately eight days interval before it becomes infective, and probably remains infective for the rest of its life, but it is not certain whether it passes the virus on to the next generation or not. When an infected louse bites a non-immune human being, a period of six days to ten days elapses before symptoms appear. The virus was reported by Nicolle to be filterable, but more recent investigation has shown this to be doubtful. The guinea-pig and the monkey are susceptible. As regards the nature of the virus, innumerable bacteria and protozoa have been described. In 1921 most authorities favoured de Rocha Lima's theory, viz. that the causative agent is an organism which he has called Rickettsia prowazeki. Rocha Lima has given this name to some peculiar, minute, gramme-negative, oval bodies often showing polar staining when stained by Giemsa's method, and found in the epithelial cells of the alimentary canal of lice which have fed on the blood of typhus patients. Attempts at cultivation have so far failed. Brumpt and others do not give any etiological importance to these bodies, as, according to them, they are found also in lice which have not fed on typhus patients. Rocha Lima contends, however, that there are two forms of the parasite, one non-pathogenic, Rickettsia pediculi, found only in the lumen of the alimentary canal of lice; and the other, pathogenic, Rickettsia prowazeki, which multiplies in the cells of the insect's alimentary canal.
