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towers and other defensive works. The wall is nearly encircled by a stream of water, artificially diverted from the small rivulets which flow through the precincts, furnishing the establishment with an abundant supply in every part, for the irrigation of the gardens and orchards, the sanitary requirements of the brotherhood, and for the use of the offices and workshops. The precincts are divided across the centre by a wall, running from N. to S., into an outer and inner ward, the former containing the menial, the latter the monastic buildings. The precincts are entered by a gateway (P), at the extreme western extremity, giving admission to the lower ward. Here the barns, granaries, stables, shambles, workshops, and work men's lodgings were placed, without any regard to symmetry, convenience being the only consideration. Advancing eastwards, we have before us the wall separating the outer and inner ward, and the gatehouse (D) affording communication between the two. On passing through the gateway, the outer court of the inner ward was entered, with the western facade of the monastic church in front. Immediately on the right of entrance was the abbot's house (G), in close proximity to the guest-house (F). On the other side of the court were the stables, for the accommodation of the horses of the guests and their attendants (H). The church occupied a central position. To the south were the great cloister (A), surrounded by the chief monastic buildings, and further to the east the smaller cloister, opening out of which were the infirmary, novices lodgings, and quarters for the aged monks. Still further to the east, divided from the monastic buildings by a wall, were the vegetable gardens and orchards, and tank for fish. The large fish-ponds, an indispensable adjunct to any ecclesias- Clairvat tical foundation, on the formation of which the monks lavished extreme care and pains, and which often remain as almost the only visible traces of these vast establish ments, were placed outside the abbey walls.

Clairvaux, No. 1 (Cistercian), General Plan.

A. Cloisters. B Ovens, and Corn and Oil-mills. C. St Bernard's Cell. D. Chief Entrance. E. Tanks for Fish. F. Guest House. G. Abbot's House. H. Stables. I. Wine-press and Haychamber. K. Parlour. L. Workshops and work men's Lodgings. M. Slaughter-house. N. Barns and Stables. 0. Public Presse P. Gateway R. Remains of Ola Monastery. S. Oratory. V. Tile-works. X. Tile-kiln. Y. Water-courses.

Clairvaux, No. 2 (Cistercian), Monastic Buildings.

A. Church. li. Cloister. C. Chapter-House. I). Monks Parlour E. Calefactory. F. Kitchen and Court. G. Refectory. H. Cemetery. I. Little Cloister. K. Infirmary. L. Lodgings of Novices. M. Old Guest-House. N. Old Abbot's Lodgings. 0. Cloister of Supernu merary Monks. P. Abbot's Hall. Q. Cell of St Bernard. | R. Stables. S. Cellars and Store houses. T. Water-course. U. Saw-mill and Oil-mill. V. Currier's Workshops. X. Sacristry. V. Little Library Z. Undercroft of Dor mitory.

The Plan No. 2 furnishes the ichnography of the dis tinctly monastic buildings on a larger scale. The usually unvarying arrangement of the Cistercian houses allows us to accept this as a type of the monasteries of this order. The church (A) is the chief feature. It consists of a vast nave of eleven bays, entered by a narthex, with a transept and short apsidal choir. (It may be remarked that the eastern limb in all unaltered Cistercian churches is remarkably short, and usually square.) To the east of each limb of the transept are two square chapels, divided according to Cistercian rule by solid walls. Nine radiating chapels, similarly divided, surround the apse. The stalls of the monks, forming the ritual choir, occupy the four eastern bays of the nave. There was a second range of stalls in the extreme western bays of the nave for the fratres conversi, or lay brothers. To the south of the church, so as to secure as much sun as possible, the cloister was invariably placed, except when local reasons forbade it. Round the cloister (B) were ranged the buildings connected with the monks daily life. The chapter-house (C) always opened out of the east walk of the cloister in a line with the