426 A I L A I N Ailred was the autlior of a large number of historical and theological works. The former are of little value, owing to his credulity, except for the occasional glimpses they give of contemporary life and manners. His theological works, including a volume of homilies, a treatise on charity, and a treatise on friendship, are somewhat in the style of St Bernard. (For a full account of the historical writings see Sir T. D. Hardy s Descriptive Catalogue.) AILSA CRAIG, a remarkable island-rock at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde, off the coast of Ayrshire, Scotland. It is of a conoidal form, with an irregular elliptic base, and rises abruptly from the sea to the height of 1139 feet. The only side from which the rock can be ascended is the east; the other sides being for the most part perpendicular, and generally presenting lofty columnar forms, though not so regular as those of Staffa. The rock is a greenstone or syenite, with a basis of grayish compact felspar traversed by numerous trap veins. A columnar cave exists towards the north side, and on the eastern are the remains of a tower, with several vaulted rooms. Two springs occur on the island, and some scanty grass affords subsistence to numerous rabbits. The precipitous parts of the rock are frequented by large flocks of solan geese and other aquatic wild fowl. It is situated in 55 15 N. lat., 5 7 W. long. AIN, a department on the eastern frontier of France, bounded on the N. by the departments of Jura and Saone- et-Loire, on the W. by Saone-et-Loire and Rhone, on the S. by Isere, and on the E. by the departments of Savoie and Haute Savoie and the Swiss cantons Geneva and Vaud. It extends at the widest points 52 miles from N. to S., and about the same distance from E. to W., with an area of 2241 square miles. The east of the depart ment is very mountainous, being traversed by the southern portion of the Jura range, but in the north-west the surface is comparatively level, and in the south-west flat and marshy. Ain is wholly within the basin of the Rhone, that river itself being the boundary on the east and south, svhile it receives the Ain, which passes southward through the centre, and the Saone, which forms the western boundary of the department. The climate is usually cold, but on the whole healthy, except in the damp marshy districts on the west. The soil in the valleys and plains of the department is fertile, producing wheat, barley, maize, rye, and fruits of various kinds, as well as wine of excellent quality; the tops of many of the mountains are covered with forests of fir and oak, and the lower slopes yield excellent pasture for sheep and cattle. The chief mineral product is asphalt, besides which potter s clay, iron, build ing-stone, and the best lithographic stone in France, are produced in the department. . There are many corn and saw mills on the mountain streams; and cotton, linen, and silk fabrics, coarse woollen cloth, paper, and clocks, are manufactured to a limited extent. Ain, which formed a part of the ancient province of Burgundy, is divided into five arrondissements Bourg and Trevoux in the west, and Gex, Nantua, and Belley in the east; containing in all 36 cantons and 452 communes. Bourg is the capital, and Belley is the seat of a bishop. Population of Ain in 1872, 363,290, of whom 185,074 were males, and 178,216 were females. Of the total population, 115,407 could neither read nor write, and 46,450 more could not write. AINAD, a town of Arabia, in the province of Hadra- maut, about 207 miles N.E. of Aden. Near it is the tomb of a Moslem prophet much frequented by pilgrims, at which a great annual fair is also held. The population is said to be about 10,000. AINMULLER, MAXIMILIAN EMMANUEL, founder of a new school of glass - painting, was born at Munich on the 14th February 1807. He was induced, by the advice of Gartner, director of the royal porcelain manu factory, to devote himself to the studv of glass-paint ing, both as a mechanical process and as an art, and he made such progress that in 1828 he was appointed director of the newly-founded royal painted-glass manufactory at Munich. The method which he gradually perfected there was a development of the enamel process adopted in the Renaissance, and consisted in actually painting the design upon the glass, which was subjected, as each coloi:r was laid on, to carefully-adjusted heating. The fault of this new style is its production of transparent pictures seen by transmitted and not by reflected light; but the popular verdict in its favour has been, notwithstanding, proved by the extent to which it has been adopted. The earliest specimens of Ainmuller s work are to be found in the cathedral of Ratisbon. With a few exceptions, all the windows in Glasgow cathedral are from his hand. Speci mens may also be seen in St Paul s cathedral and St Peter s College, Cambridge. On the Continent it must suffice to mention Cologne cathedral as containing some of his finest productions. Ainmiiller had considerable skill as an oil- painter, especially in interiors; and his pictures of the Chapel Royal at Windsor and of Westminster Abbey have been much admired. He died 9th December 1870. AINOS, the name of a small but remarkable tribe in Japan, found chiefly in the island of Yesso. They are dif ferent in race and character from the ordinary Japanese, and seem to have been the earliest inhabitants of the country. Since the invasion of the islands by the Japanese, however, the Ainos have been gradually supplanted by the invaders, and are now completely subject to them, although they still preserve the appearance of internal self-government, living in societies of from ten to twenty families, under a hereditary chief. Their language is quite distinct from the Japanese, and intercourse between the two peoples is carried on by a sort of mongrel dialect. The Ainos are not tall, averaging a little over 5 feet; but they are well- proportioned and strongly-built, with a type of counte nance European rather than Asiatic. They are distin guished by an exuberance of hair on the head and body, a circumstance which has given rise to their name of " Hairy Kuriles." The women are ugly, and are much addicted to tattooing. The dress of the Ainos consists of a robe of skin or cotton, reaching to the knees and secured by a girdle; their huts are small and uncomfortable, with little or no furniture; and their food is mostly the produce of fishing and hunting, together with rice got by barter from the Japanese. They are probably less than 50,000 in number. AINSWORTH, HENKY, divine and scholar, was born "about 1560" at Pleasington, near Blackburn, Lancashire, having been second son of Lawrence Ainsworth of Pleas ington Hall. Young Henry Ainsworth is believed to have received his education at Queen Elizabeth s Grammar School in Blackburn, of which his father was an original founder. According to tradition, he was a Roman Catholic, and a younger brother, John, a Protestant; and the two brothers, entering into a written controversy, mutually con verted each other Henry having embraced Protestantism, and John, Popery. The subsequent earlier history of Ains worth is still obscure. No record survives; but various authorities concur in stating that he passed from Blackburn to Cambridge. He associated with the Puritan party in the Church of England, and eventually adopted the plat form of the Independents as represented by the Brownists. He was driven from his native country by the state proscription of the sectaries before the year 1593. He is found residentin "ablind lane at Amsterdam" about 1595-6. His exile must have reduced him to extreme poverty. He is stated to have been a " porter " to a scholarly bookseller in Amsterdam, who, on discovering his skill in the Hebrew
language, made him known to his countrymen. Roger
