HISTORY.] has passed through several editions. About the same time Blandin published an elementary work on Descriptive Anatomy, and a useful treatise on Topographical Anatomy. But the most elaborate system of human anatomy which has proceeded from the French school is the great treatise of Bourgery, illustrated by numerous large and beautifully- coloured plates of the parts and organs. It consists of two divisions, one on Medical and Physiological Anatomy ; the other on Surgical Anatomy. ian J. F. Meckel published between 1815 and 1820 a matic manual of Descriptive Anatomy which combines the mists, philosophical generalisations of Bichat with the precise description and pathological knowledge of Portal. During the succeeding thirty years excellent systematic treatises in the German language were prepared by Rosenmiiller, C. F. P. Krause, Frederick Hildebrand (the 4th edition of which was edited in 1830 by the eminent anatomist E. H. Weber), and Fred. Arnold. In 1 84G Joseph Hyrtl published a system of Human Anatomy, and in the following year a manual of Topographical and Surgical Anatomy, both of which, but more especially the latter, have gone through several editions. Luschka, the professor of anatomy in Tubingen, has prepared a valuable treatise on Regional Anatomy, in which attention is particularly directed to the relations of the parts which are of interest to the physician and surgeon. The text-book by Hermann Meyer of Zurich is also worthy of mention as a work in which the mechanical construction and uses of parts are described with great care. Henle s treatise on Human Anatomy, the publication of which was commenced in 1855, though the last volume was not completed until 1873, is, however, the most complete work on the subject which has as yet issued from the German press during the latter half of the present century. It is remarkable not only for the elaborate description of the organs and tissues of the body, and the ample references to the labours of other observers, but for r the number and beauty of the wood engravings.
- h |j In Great Britain systematic treatises on Human Anatomy
matic were published in the earlier part of the present century mists by Andrew Fyfe, John Bell, the third Monro, and John Gordon, all of whom were teachers in the Edinburgh school. In London, Jones Quain prepared an excellent text-book, which, under a succession of editors, who have kept each new edition on a level with the advancing tide of anatomical knowledge, has been much esteemed not only for the clearness of its descriptions, but for the soundness of its information on the various branches of human Systematic Anatomy. The 7th edition, under the editorial superin tendence of Professors Sharpey, Allen Thomson, and Cleland, appeared between 1864 and 1867. The passing of the Anatomy Act in 1832, by affording facilities for the pursuit of practical anatomy, gave a great stimulus to its study in this country, and to facilitate the acquisition of a knowledge of the subject many text-books have been published. The most important are Harrison s Dublin Dissector, and the well-known Demonstrations of Anatomy by Prof. Ellis. The increased importance attached by surgeons to a precise acquaintance with the knowledge of those regions in which operations have most frequently to be performed, has led to the production of valuable special works on their anatomy. The treatise of Allen Burns on the head and neck, those of Sir Astley Cooper and Sir W. Lawrence on hernia, Morton s Anatomy of the Surgical Regions, the excellent plates on Surgical Anatomy by Joseph Maclise, and the beautiful drawings by Ford from the dissections of Prof. Ellis, with descriptive letterpress, are highly creditable to British anatomists ; whilst the treatise on hernia by Scarpa, and Cloquet s and Hesselbach s works on the same subject, reflect credit on the Italian, French, and German schools. But special treatises have also been written on other 817 departments of human descriptive anatomy. Innes, Sandi- Special fort, and Bar clay published works on the muscles generally; treatises, and Sir Charles Bell, in his classical treatise on the Ana tomy of Expression, described with care the attachments and action of the muscles of the face. Of late years the variations in the usually described arrangements in the muscular system in man have been carefully inquired into, and numerous memoirs have been written, more especially by M Whinnie, HaUett, W. Gruber, John Wood, W. Turner, and M Alister. F. O. Ward published a work on Human Osteology which is characterised by the minuteness and accuracy of its description ; G. M. Humphry, a treatise in which the physical, physiological, and pathological aspects of the skeleton are dwelt upon; and Luther Holden, a pro fusely-illustrated work on the same subject, in which the surfaces for muscular attachments are carefully delineated. Sir Charles Bell s engravings of the arteries, Tiedemann s more elaborate plates, and Harrison s admirable description of these vessels, all deserve notice. But the most complete work on the Anatomy of the Arteries which has yet appeared is that by Richard Quain, which consists of eighty-seven large plates, with 543 pages of descriptive letterpress. It will long continue a standard work on the subject. Numerous treatises on the anatomy of the nervous system have been published. In Germany the brothers Wenzel, Eeil, Tiedemann, Gall and Spurzheim, Arnold, and Reichert have prepared works on the descriptive anatomy of the great nerve centres, not only in man but in various animals; and by Tiedemann, Reichert, and Ecker, the development of the brain has been especially studied. In Italy the memoirs of Rolando on the anatomy of the brain, and of Bellingeri on the spinal cord and its nerves, are of importance. From the French school the. writings of Serres, of Foville, of Leuret and Gratiolet, have thrown much new light on the structure of the brain. In Great Britain, Sir Charles Bell, in his great work on the nervous system, developed and established the truth of the separate nature of the nerves of sensation and motion^ In 1836, and again in 1847, Samuel Solly published an instructive treatise on the anatomy of the brain. Between 1830 and 1834 Joseph Swan published a valuable series of engravings in illustration of the distribution of the nerves, and Robert Lee has especially investigated the arrangement and distribution of the nerves of the heart and uterus. In the Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology, under the editorial superintendence of Dr Robert B. Todd, original memoirs, not only on human but comparative anatomy, by eminent writers, have appeared, and have done much to diffuse a knowledge of anatomical science. > The improvement which has been effected in the con- Improve- struction of the compound microscope during the fifty ments in years subsequent to 1822, has contributed in no small 1U1C1 degree to enable anatomists to obtain more correct infor mation on the intimate structure of different organs and tissues of the animal body. For the first twenty years of the nineteenth century, opticians and instrument-makers had at intervals endeavoured to render the compound microscope at once an instrument of greater power and more free from sources of error and optical illusion than it had hitherto been possible to obtain it. Two defects, how ever, still adhered to the compound microscope. The instru ment was not achromatic; and a considerable degree of spheri cal aberration uncorrected rendered the image indistinct. Between 1812 and 1815 Professor Amici of Modena had attempted to construct an achromatic object-glass of one single lens, but found that this was impracticable. M. Selligues of Paris, in 1823, after various trials, found that this could be done by making the object-glass consist of four achromatic compound lenses, each of which was composed of two single lenses. This method was carried
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