Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 13.djvu/731

B J B 697 manage and control that he as well as his generals regarded her presence with the army as more embarrassing than help ful ; and doubtless her capture dissipated the halo of super natural power that had surrounded her. By means of negotiations instigated and prosecuted with great perse verance by the university of Paris and the Inquisition, and through the persistent scheming of Pierre Cauchon, the ejected bishop of Beauvais, she was sold in November by Luxembourg and Burgundy to the English, who on January 3, 1431, at the instance of the university of Paris, delivered her over to the Inquisition for trial. After a public exami nation, begun on the 9th January and lasting six days, and another conducted in the prison, she was, on the 20th March, publicly accused as a heretic and sorcerer, and, being in the end found guilty, she made her submission at the scaffold on the 24th May, and received pardon. She was still, however, the prisoner of the English, and, having been induced by those who had her in charge to resume her male clothes, she was on this account judged to have relapsed, was sentenced to death, and burned at the stake on the streets of Rouen, May 30, 1431. The sentence was revoked by the pope on the 7th July 1456, and since then it has been the custom of Catholic writers to uphold the reality of her divine inspiration. In 1436 an impostor appeared, professing to be Joan of Arc escaped from the flames, who succeeding in inducing many people to believe in her state ment, but afterwards confessed her imposture. There is no doubt that Joan herself believed in her super natural guidance, and her judges, notwithstanding all their efforts, were unable to bring to light the smallest semblance of a sign of conscious dishonesty on her part. At the same time the nobility of her purpose was unstained by the faintest symptom of selfish regard to her own fame and glorification. Indeed the greatness of her career did not consist in her military achievements, but in her pure, true, and ardent character, which made her a pathetic victim to the mean and grovelling aims of those in whose cause she fought with such simple sincerity of faith, and to the cruelties of a superstitious age. Literature. All previous works on Joan of Arc were deprived of a great part of their critical value by the publication, in 5 vols., 1841-49, of the Proces de condamnation ct de rehabilitation de Jeanne d Arc, edited by J. Quieherat. The record of the Proces de condamnation consisted originally of the official notes of the trial, afterwards edited in Latin by P. Cauchon, and bears internal marks of general truthfulness. The original French minute does not exist except in a fragment which has been reproduced by M. Vallet de Viriville in his French translation of the Latin version, published in 1867. A French translation of the Proces de condamnation and Proces de rehabilitation by E. O Reilly appeared in 1868. The 4th vol. of Quicherat is occupied with old chronicles and histories, the principal of which are those of Percival de Cagny, a retainer of the duke of Alencon, never before published; Jacques le Bouvier (Berri), that from 1402-1411 first published in 1653 as part of a history of Charles VI. , and the remainder, 1411-1444, in the collection of Denis Godefroy, 1661; Jean Charticr, only contemporaneous from 1437, before which it borrows chiefly from the Chronique de la Pucelle and Le Bouvier, what it does not borrow being utterly untrustworthy, published 1476-77, 1493, 1514, 1517-18, by Denis Godefroy, 1661, and Vallet de Viriville, with notes, 1858 ; Journal du Siege d 1 Orleans, founded on the chronicles of Berri and Jean Chartier, with a fevy other documents, published 1576, 1606, 1611, 1619, 1621, and reprinted with notes by Jacob in 1855 ; la Gcste dcs nobles Francois, or Chronique de Oousinot, which closes with 1429, but some years after wards was completed by a nephew of Cousinot to the siege of Paris so as to form the Chronique de la Pucelle, published by Denis Gode froy, 1661, by M. Petitot, 1825, in vol. viii. of Memoircs relatifs a I histoire de France, and with notes by Vallet de Viriville, 1859 ; Chronique d Enguerran de Monstrelet, first published about 1500 and very frequently afterwards, English translation by Thomas Jolmes, 1840, the last and best French edition, that of L. Douet d Arcq, 6 vols., 1857-62. The principal other contemporary authorities are Basin s Histoire dcs Regncs de Charles VII. ct de Louis XL, first published in a complete form by Quicherat, with notes and life, 4 vols., 1855-1859 ; the Chronique Normande of Pierre Cochon, the part referring to Joan published along with Chronique de la Pucelle by Vallet de Viriville, 1859, the whole by De Piobillard de Beaurepaire, 1870 ; Chronique de Robert Blondel, first published by Vallet de Viriville, 1859 ; Chro- nique de Jean RaouU, or Chronique anonyme de Charles VII. , first published by Vallet de Viriville, 1858; Abrcge d Histoire chronolo- gique, by Denis Godefroy, 1661 ; Le mystere du Siege d Orleans, in verse, published from a manuscript in the Vatican in Collection de Documents inedits sur I Histoire de France, 1862 ; a Latin poem by Valesan Vasanius, 1501 ; an anonymous Latin poem, manuscript 5970 of the Imperial Library of Paris; a poem by Christine do Pisan, 1429, printed in 1865 ; Martial Auvergne, Lcs Vigillcs du roy Charle, in verse, 1505 one hundred copies of the portion relating to Joan of Arc printed at Orleans, 1866, of which one copy is in the British Museum. The earliest life by other than contemporaries is that in Latin by Jean Hordal, 1612. Edinond Piicher, who had procured the original documents of the Proces, finished a life of Joan in 1628 which was . _ parcnte ... ... Pucellc d Orleans, 1611, enlarged edition 1612, 3d in 1628, all of which were republished by Vallet de Viriville in Tresor des pieces rares ct ancicnncs, 1856. In 1790 L Averdy published an analysis of the manuscript of the Proces in the 3d vol. of Memoircs of the Dumas, 1843 ; De Beauregard, 1847 ; and the accounts by De Barante, _Michelet, and Sismondi in their several histories. Since the publication of the Proces the works of original critical value are Apcrcus Nouveauxl>y J. Quicherat, 1850; the lives by B. Henri Martin, last ed., 1875; Wallon, I860; and Villiaume, 1863. Other lives have been written by Lamartine, 1852 ; Lafontaine, 1854; Desjardins, 1854; Midland", 1861; Sepet, 1869. See also Vallet do Viriville, Rechcrchcs sur la famille de Jeanne d Arc, 1854; Histoire de Charles VII., by the same, 3 vols., 1862-65; De Robillard de Beaurepaire, Rccherehcs sur le procts de condamnation de Jeanne d Arc, 1869; Boucher de Molandon, Premiere Expedition de Jeanne d Arc, 1874; E. de Bouteiller, Jeanne d Arc dans les chroniques Missincs de P. Vigneullcs, 1878; and E. de Bouteiller and G. de Braux, La famille de Jeanne d Arc, 1878, Nouvellcs Rcclierches sur la famille de Jean d Arc, 1879, and Notes Iconographiqucs, 1879. The principal German works are those of Gorres, 2d ed., 1835 (French trans!., 1843); Hase, 1861; Eysell, 1861; andHirzell, 1877. In English, in addition to the essays of De Quincey and Lord Mahon, there are lives by Harriet Parr, 1866; Mrs Bray, 1874; and Janet Tuckey, 1880. Of the numerous dramas and poems of which Joan of Arc has been the subject, mention can only be made of Die Jungfrau von Orleans of Schiller, the Joan of Arc of Southey, and the scandalous burlesque-epic of Voltaire. A drama in verse by Jules Barbier has been set to music by C. Gounod, 1873. JOB. The book of Job (Heb. ai$ lyyob, Gr. Li/J), the most splendid creation of the Hebrew poetry, is so called from the name of the man whose history and afflictions and sayings form the theme of it. Contents.- As it now lies before us it consists of five parts. 1. The prologue, in prose, ch. i.-ii., describes in rapid and dramatic steps the history of this man, his piety and prosperity and greatness corresponding to his godliness ; then how his life is drawn in under the opera tion of the trying, sifting providence of God, through the suspicion suggested by the Satan, the minister of this aspect of God s providence, that his godliness is but selfish and only the natural return for the unexampled prosperity bestowed upon him, and the insinuation that if stripped of his prosperity he will renounce God to His face. These suspicions bring down two severe calamities on Job, one depriving him of all external blessings, children and possessions alike, and the other throwing the man himself under a loathsome and painful malady. In spite of these afflictions Job retains his integrity and ascribes no wrong to God. Then the advent of Job s three friends is de scribed, Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite, who, having heard of Job s calamities, come to condole with him. 2. The body of the book, in poetry, ch. iii.-xxxi., contains a series of speeches in which the problem of Job s afflictions and the relation of external evil to the righteousness of God and the conduct of men is brilliantly discussed. This part is divided into three cycles, each containing four speeches, one by Job and one by each of the friends (ch. iii.-xiv.; XIII. 88