Church. They are the deposits, in short, of Christian tradition, handed down first of all, and probably for a con siderable period, in an oral form, before being committed to writing in such a form as we now have them. This; which is now an accepted conclusion with every historical school of theologians in England no less than in Germany, conserva tive no less than radical, is largely the result of the Tubingen investigations. It may have been understood before, but its historical significance was not appreciated. In short, if we distinguish Baur s method from his special opinions it is hardly possible to overrate his influence as a theologian. ^ His professed method was to seek for the solution of great spiritual as of great intellectual phenomena in a closer and more minute study of all the documents and data purporting to record or explain these phenomena, and to ruu out such lines of fact as he found to their true consequences. His great genius and learning enabled him to read the meaning of certain features of Primitive Christianity hitherto imperfectly discerned, and to point future inquirers along the true road of discovery. Un happily, his own opinions were influenced not merely by his study of facts, but by a great speculative system which dominated his intelligence, and prevented him from seeing what still seems to most minds not less informed than his own the only credible explanation of the vast spiritual movement whose forces and developments occupied his
lifelong study.BAUTAIN, Louis Eugène Marie, a French philosopher and theologian, was born at Paris in February 1796, and died in October 1867 At the Ecole Normal e he came under the influence of Cousin, whose views on most philosophic points he at first accepted. In 1816 he adopted the profession of higher teaching, and was soon after called to the chair of philosophy in the University of Strasburg. He continued in this position for many years, delivering a parallel course of lectures as professor of the literary faculty in the same city. The strong reaction against merely speculative philosophy, which carried away such men as Do Maistre and De Lamennais, was not without influence on Bautain. In 1828 he took orders, and resigned his chair at the university. For several years he remained at Stras burg, lecturing at the Faculty and at the College of Juilly; but in 1849 he set out for Paris as vicar of the diocese. At Paris he obtained considerable reputation as an orator, and in 1853 was made professor of moral theology at the theological faculty. This post he held till his death. Bautain is rather a scholastic than a modern philosopher. His view of the relation between reason and faith is essen tially the same as that of Anselm and his great successors. Revelation is supposed to give materials which could not otherwise have been attained by the human mind, and philosophy supplies the scientific exposition or evolution of these facts. Theology and philosophy thus form one com prehensive science ; yet the system is far removed from Rationalism. Bautain in fact, like Pascal, Newman, and others, depreciates reason in order to exalt faith. Ho points out, following chiefly the Kantian criticism, that reason is limited in application, and can never yield know- edge of things as they are in themselves. But in addition to reason, we have, according to him, another faculty which may be called Intelligence, and through Avhich we are put in connection with the world of spiritual and invisible truth. This intelligence does not of itself yield a body of truth ; it merely contains the germs of the higher ideas, and these seeds are made productive by being brought into contact with revealed facts. This fundamental conception Bautain works out in detail in the departments of psycho logy and morals. His works, to which we can only refer, are well deserving of attention. The most important of them are Philosophic du Christianisme, 1833 ; Psychologic Experimentale, 1839 (new edition entitled Esprit Hiimain et ses Facultes, 1859) ; Philosophic Morale, 1842 ; Religion et Liberte, 1848; La Morale de VEvangile comparce aux divers systemes de Morale, 1855.
BAUTZEN (in "Wendish Budissin, which is equivalent to " town "), the capital of Saxon Upper Lausatia, occupies an eminence on the right bank of the Spree, 680 feet above the level of the sea, and 32 E.N.E. from Dresden. Lat. 51 11 10" N., long. 14 25 50" E. The town is well built and surrounded by walls, and has extensive suburbs partly lying on the left bank of the river. It has a cathe dral which is used by both Protestants and Roman Catholics, and five other churches, a handsome town-house, an orphan-asylum, several hospitals, a mechanics institute, a famous gymnasium, a normal and several other schools, and two public libraries. Its general trade and manufac tures are considerable, including linen, cotton, and woollen goods, tobacco, leather, paper, saltpetre, gunpowder, &c. Population in 1871, 13,165. Bautzen was already in existence when Henry the Fowler conquered Lausatia in 928. It became a town and fortress under Otto I., his successor, and speedily attained considerable wealth and importance, for a good share of which it was indebted to the pilgrimages which were made to the "Arm of St Peter," preserved in one of the churches. It suffered greatly during the Hussite war, and still more during the Thirty Years War, in the course of which it was besieged and captured by the Electoral Prince, John George (1620), fell into the hands of Wallenstein (1633), and was burned and taken by the Electoral Prince of Saxony. At the Peace of Prague in 1635 it passed with Lausatia to Saxony as a war indemnity. The battle of Bautzen was fought here on the 21st and 22d of May 1813, between the French under Napoleon and the allied forces of Russia and Prussia, in which after severe losses on both sides, the latter were defeated.
BAVARIA
BAVARIA (in German, Bayern), a kingdom of Southern Germany, forming part of the German Empire, con sists of two distinct portions, Bavaria proper and the Pala tinate of the Rhine, which are separated by the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse. Bavaria proper contains an area of about 26,895 miles, and the Palatinate rather less than 2282, making the whole extent of the kingdom about 29,177 square miles.
Bohemia, consists of a long range of mountains known as the Bohmerwald ; while the north is occupied by the Fichtelgebirge and the Frankenwald, which separate Bavaria from Reuss, Meiningen, and Hesse-Darmstadt. The ranges last named seldom exceed the height of 3000 or 4000 feet ; but the ridges in the south, towards the Tyrol, form part of the system of the Alps, and frequently . attain an elevation of 9000 or 1 0,000 feet. On the west it is bounded by Wurtemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt. The whole of the country belongs to the basins of the Danube and the Main; by far the greater portion being drained by the former river, which, entering from Swabia as a navig able stream, traverses the entire breadth of the kingdom, with a winding course of 200 miles, and receives in its passage the Iller, the Lech, the Isar, and the Inn from the south, and the Naab, the Altmlihl, and the Wornitz from
the north. The Inn is navigable before it enters the
