Dunfermline derives its name, "The Town or Fort on the crooked Linn," from the ravine already mentioned. From an early period it was a favourite royal residence ; and in 1070 Malcolm III. was there married to Margaret. The Culdees are supposed to have had an establishment in the place ; and the Benedictine priory, founded by Canmore, was raised to the rank of an abbey under David I., who bestowed numerous privileges on the community. In 1244 the abbot received a mitre ; and in 1249 Queen Margaret, the pn.tron saint, was canonized. During the winter of 1303 the court uf Edward I. of England was held in the abbey ; and on his departure next year most of the buildings were destroyed by fire. In 1329 King Robert Bruce was interred in the choir of the church. The last royal occupant of the palace was Charles II., who there signed the National League and Covenant. Shortly after the town was plundered by Cromwell s soldiers.
DUNFERMLINE, Lord. See Abercromby.
DUNGANNON, a parliamentary borough and market- town of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, standing on an acclivity 8 miles W. of the south-western shore of Lough Neagh, and 94 miles N.W. of Dublin. It consists of a square with diverging streets, and is generally well built. The only public buildings of note are the parish church, with an octagonal spire, a court-house, a market hall, and a college founded by Charles L Linens are manufactured and coarse earthenware. The town also contains a power-loom weaving manufactory and flour mills. It returns one member to Parliament. The early history of the place is identified with the once powerful family of the O Neals, whose chief residence was there. In Dungannon the independence of the Irish Parliament was proclaimed in 1782. The population in 1871 was 3886, of whom 55 per cent, were Roman Catholics; area, 230 acres.
DUNGARYAN, a parliamentary borough, market-town, and seaport of Ireland, in the county Waterford, 125 miles S.W. of Dublin. It is situated on the Bay of Dungarvan, at the mouth of the Colligan, which divides the town into two parts, connected by a bridge of a single arch. The eastern suburb is called Abbeyside, where the remains of an ancient keep, erected by the M Graths still exists. The town contains a town hall, a sessions house, a union work house, a market house, and barracks. Brewing is carried on to a small extent, and there is a steam mill. The borough returns one member to Parliament. Area of town, 392 acres; of borough, 8499 acres. Population of borough (1871), 7719, of whom 36 per cent, were Roman Catholics.
DUNKELD, a burgh of barony and market-town of Perthshire, Scotland, situated on the north bank of the Tay, 15 miles N.N.W. from Perth. The river is crossed there by a fine bridge of seven arches, begun in 1805 and completed in 1808, at a cost of 42,000. With the exception of the town-hall (erected 1877) and some other modern build ings, the village consists of narrow and ill-built streets, presenting an antiquated aspect. It is buried among the dark shades of luxuriant trees, and stands in the centre of a valley surrounded by mountains of considerable elevation, which are wooded to their summits. The river, the bridge, the surrounding mountains, and the remains of an ancient cathedral combine to give the town a very romantic appearance. As early as 729 the Culdees had a mon astery at Dunkeld, which was converted into a cathe dral by David I. in 1127. Its architecture is of a compo site character, exhibiting features both of the Norman and Pointed styles. The centre of the nave is 120 feet by 60, the walls are 40 feet high, and the aisles 12 feet wide. The choir was founded by Bishop Sinclair in 1350 ; and the tower, which is about 90 feet high, was begun by Bishop Lauder in 1469, and completed by Bishop Brown in 1501. It contains four bells. The cathedral was unroofed at the Reformation, but the choir has been rebuilt, and is now used as the parish church. Beneath the charter-house is the sepulchral vault of the Athole family. In the porch of the church is the tomb of Alexander Stuart, earl of Buchan, better known as the Wolf of Badenoch, who died in 1394. The most famous of the bishops of Dunkeld was Gavin Douglas, the translator of the ^Eneid. Immediately behind the cathedral stands Dunkeld House, the mansion of the dukes of Athole. The grounds of the ducal residence (which are extensive and picturesque) contain two of the earliest larch trees introduced into Britain ; they were brought from Tyrol in 1738. A mile south of Dunkeld, on the other side of the Tay, is the modern village of Birnam, which has sprung up at the railway station. It lies at the foot of Birnam hill, said to derive its name from the famous wood connected with the fate of Macbeth. The population of the burgh in 1871 was 783.
DUNKERS, or Tunkers, a sect of American Baptists originating in Germany. The name, as its second form in dicates, is a nickname meaning dippers, from the German tunken, to dip. From the first the members recognized no other name than " Brethren." The founder of the sect was Alexander Mack of Schwartzenau, who, along with one or two companions, was led to adopt anti-paedobaptist views about the year 1 708. It had scarcely assumed organized existence in Germany when its members were compelled by persecution to take refuge in Holland, from which they emigrated to Pennsylvania in small companies in the years between 1720 and 1729. Their first community was established at Germantown, not far from Philadelphia, and other settlements were gradually formed in New England, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana. In the early history of the sect the sexes dwelt apart, and marriage, while not forbidden, was discouraged. Similarly, while the holding of private property was not absolutely prohibited, a certain community of goods was established and maintained by the voluntary action of the members, and it was considered un lawful to take interest for money. These features have now disappeared, but in other respects the sect retains much of its original character. Every member has the right to exhort and take part in the religious services, and for a con siderable, period no special provision was made for the con duct of worship. There is now, however, a recognized unpaid ministry of bishops and teachers. There are also deacons and deaconesses. In baptism trine immersion is used. The Lord s Supper is observed in the evening only, and connected with it are the lavipedium, or ceremonial feet washing, and the apostolic " love-feasts." Putting a literal interpretation on James v. 14, they practise the anointing with oil for the healing of the sick, and many of them will not adopt any other means of recovery. They resemble the Quakers iu their plainness of speech and dress, and their refusal to take oaths or to serve in war. Their number, which at one time was estimated at 30,000, has very considerably declined, and the latest account states it at less than 8000. An early offshoot from the general body of Dunkers were the Seventh Day Dunkers, whose distinc tive principle, as their name imports, was that the seventh day, and not the first day, of the week was the true Sabbath intended to be perpetually and universally observed. Their founder was Conrad Peysel, one of the first emigrants, who established a settlement at " Ephrata," about fifty miles from Philadelphia, in 1733. This branch of the sect has almost died out.
town of France, and capital of an arrondissement in the de partment of Nord, is situated on the Straits of Dover, 40 miles N.W. from Lille, and 194 N. from Paris, in 51 2 N. lat. and 2 22 32" E. long. It is a well-built town, the streets being large, wide, and regular. It is divided into three parts (1) the town proper, which is the centre of trade; (2) the low town, containing the principal industries; and (3) the citadel, including docks and granaries, and containing the houses of
labourers and sailors. Dunkirk is both a naval port and
