native country, he established himself as bookbinder and bookseller in Leyden. His Eutropius, which appeared in 1592, was long regarded as the earliest Elzevir, but the first is now known to be Drusii Ebrtu'carum qzuestionum «c responsiomun libri duo, which was produced in 1583. In all he published about 150 works. His typographical mark was the arms of the United Provinces—an eagle on a cippus holding in its claws a sheaf of seven arrows, with the inscription Concordia res parvce crescuut. He died February 1, 1617. Of his five sons, Matthieu, Louis, Gilles, Joost, and Bonaventure, who all adopted their father’s profession, Bonaventure, who was born in 1583, is the most celebrated. He commenced business as a printer in 1608, and in 1626 took into partnership Abraham, a son of Matthieu, born at Leyden in 1592. Abraham died 14th August 1652, and Bonaventure about a month afterwards. The fame of the Elzevir'editions rests chiefly on the works issued by this firm. Their Greek and Hebrew impressions are considered inferior to those of the Aldos and the Estiennes, but their small edi- tions in 12mo, 16mo, and 24mo, for elegance of design, neatness, clearness, and regularity of type, and beauty of paper, cannot be surpassed. Especially may be mentioned the .Vovum Teslamenlmn Gra‘cum, 1621, 1633 ; the [’salltrz'um Dtu'iclis, 1635, 1653 , l'irgilii Opera, 1636, Terenlii Comedic, 1635; but the works which gave their press its chief celebrity are their collection of French authors on history and politics in 24mo, known under the name of the Petites [Republillueg and their series of Latin, French, and Italian classics in small 12mo. Jean, son of Abrahnn, born in 1622, had since 1647 been in partner- ship with his father and uncle, and when they died Daniel, son of Bonaventure, born in 1626, joined him. Their partnership did not last more than two years, and after its dissolution Jean carried on the business alone till his death in 1661. In 1651 Daniel joined his Cousin Louis (the third of that name and son of the second Louis), who was born in 1604, and had established a printing press at Amsterdam in 1638. From 1655 to 1666 they published a series of Latin classics in Svo, cum notis variorum; Cicero in Ito; the Efymoloyz'con Lingwe Lalime ,- and a magnificent Corpus Jan's in folio, 2 vols, 1663. Louis died in 1670, and Daniel in 1680. llesides Bonaventure, another son of Matthieu, Isaac, born in 1593, established a printing press at Leydcn, where he carried on business from 1616 to 1625; but none of his editions attained much fame. The last representatives of the Elzevir printers were Peter, grandson of Joost, who from 1667 to 1672 was a bookseller at Utrecht, and printed seven or eight volumes of little consequence; and Abraham, son of the first Abrahnn, who from 1661 to 1712 was university
printer at Leyden.Many of the Elzevir editions bear no other typographical mark than simply the words .1 pm! Iz'lzez'crius, or [it QI/icina lz'lsererimur, under the rubriyue of the town. Isaac took as typogriphical mark the branch of a tree surrounded by a vine branch bearing clusters of fruit, and below it a man standing, with the motto non sales. The third Louis adopted Minerva with an olive branch, and the motto Xe extra 01643. When the lilseviers did not wish to put their name to their works they generally marked them with a sphere, but of course the mere fact that a work printed in the 17th century bears this mark is no proof that it is theirs. The total number of works of all kinds which bear the name of the lilseviers is 1213, of which 968 are in Latin, 4-1 in Greek, 126 in French, 32 in Flemish, 22 in the Eastern languages, 11 in German, and 10 in Italian.
See ” Notice de la collection d'antcurs latins, francais, et italiens. impriméede format petit en 12. par les l‘llsévier,"in Brunet's .llunucl da Libruire (l’aris, 1:20); Birard’s L'ssui bibliogruplu'quc sur lcs éditz'ons des El:écirs(Paris, 1822) ; De Reume, Rochercheshistorz‘qucs, guu‘alugiqucs, d bibliographiqucs sur [cs Else'vwr (BruSsels, 1847); Paul Dupont, Histoire de i'imprinwrz'e, in two vols. (Paris, 1854); l’ieter, Annalcs de l’imprimcrie Elscm'rz'cnne (2d ed., Ghent, 1858): “'alther, Les Elscvcrz'cnncs de la bibliothique impériule dc St Peters; bourg (St l’ctersl-nrg, 1:64).
EMANUEL (Portuguese, Manoel) I. (1469–1521), king of Portugal, surnamed the Happy, was the son or Duke Ferdinand of Yiseu and cousin of John II. of Portugal, and was born May 3, 1469. The care of his early education was confided to a Sicilian named Cataldo, under whom he made rapid progress, especially in the classical languages. He succeeded to the throne on the death of John II., 27th October 1495. In 1497 he married Donna Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Castile. She died in 1498, and two years after her death he married her sister Donna Maria. As soon as he mounted the throne Emanuel devoted himself with great ardour to the maritime enterprises begun by his predecessor. He dispatched Vasco da Gama to sail round the Cape of Good Hope in order to discover a new passage to India, and on his return he sent Pedro Alvarez de Cabral to complete his discoveries. Cabral discovered Brazil and the Moluccas, and established commercial relations with the Indian and African coasts. Through these expeditions and others under Albuquerque, the influence of Portugal was rendered predominant on the coasts of South Africa and the Indian archipelago, and an inexhaustible field for commerce and Colonization was opened up to the Portu- guese. Emanuel also entered into commercial relations with Persia, Ethiopia, and China. His whole foreign policy, with the exception of an attempt to conquer Morocco, was a brilliant success; and at the close of his reign Por- tugal had attained a degree of prosperity, both external and internal, until then unexampled in her history. He was also no less anxious for the individual welfare of his subjects than for the outward prosperity of his kingdom. He made personal visits to all his provinces to inquire into the administration of justice, and he is the author of a code of laws which bears his name. At certain stated hours he was accessible to any of his subjects without distinction who desired redress of grievances, or had any request of importance to make, and so great was his courtesy and patience in listening to their statements that when necessary he sacrificed to them hours that he usually devoted to en- joyment or repose. His persecutions of the Jews, cruel as they were, can scarcely be blamed when we remember the bigotry of his time and country ; and it says much for his impartial administration of justice that he caused the ring- leaders of a popular insurrection against that people to be executed with the usual marks of opprobrium. He died at Lisbon, December 13, 1521.
life the few facts that are known are gathered from allusions in his works. He was born at Rome about the middle of the 13th century, and spent the greater part of his life in that city. He seems also to have resided for a considerable period at Fermo. The precise date of his death, like that of his birth, is unknown. His collected poems, entitled JIeclmbberoUz, were printed at Breseia in 1491 and at Constantinople in 1535. Both editions are exceedingly rare. The work contains about thirty different poems of various kinds, love songs, drinking songs, odes, madrigals, &c. The last is a descriptive poem, the subject being heaven and hell, and it was published separately at Prague in 1559 and at Frankfort in 1713. As a poet Emanuel is distinguished by the liveliness of his fancy and the finish of his versification. His choice of subjects, and his free method of treating them, led to his being proscribed by the stricter rabbis as a blasphemer. He has been called
the Voltaire of the Hebrews, but with even less appro-
