E U K O P E 705 Males. Females. Russia, 1867 1 34,210,210 German Empire, 1871 20,154,109 Prussia, 1871 ! 12,169,274 Bavaria, 1871 ! 2,368,558 Saxony, 1S71 1,248.799 Wiirtcmberg, 1871 870,164 Bad:n. 1871 712.551 He*se, 1871 421,849 Mecklenburg, 1871 319,096 Hanse Towns. 1871 249,685 Oldenburg, 1871 155.336 Brunswick. 1871 155.540 Anhalt, 1871 103,579 Lipp?an states, > Waldeck, and f 1871 96,927 Pyrmont, ) France, 1872 17,982,511 Austria- Hungary, 1869 -17,737,175 Austrian portion i 9,991,487 Hungarian division 7,745,688 Great Britain, 1871 15,584,132 Italy, 1871 13,472,262 Spain, 1871 ! 8,324,000 Belgium, 1S66 ! 2,419,639 Roumania, 1860 i 2.276,558 Portugal, 1864 ! 2,005,540 Sweden, 1870 i 2,016,653 Netherlands, 1869 i 1,764,118 Switzerland, 1870 1 1,364,814 Denmark, 1870 i 918,788 Finland, 1865 Norway, 1865 Greece, 1870 Servia, 1866 Luxembourg, 1871 878,537 835,947 754,176 626,681 98,245 35,154,331 20,906,737 12,523.807 2.494.892 1,307,445 942.375 749.011 431.045 335.783 2G3.849 159.123 156,630 99,858 102,491 18,120,410 18,167,260 10,403,493 7,763,767 16,261,247 13,328,892 8,475,000 2,408,194 2,148,403 2,182,870 2,151,872 1,815,411 1,304,833 945,708 923,711 865,809 703,718 589,444 99,283 F.xcess or Defect of Females. + 944,121 + 752,628 + 354,533 J- 126. 334 + 58.646 + 66,211 + 36.460 + 9,196 + 16.687 + 14.164 + 3787 + 1.H90 + 3,721 + 137,8991 + 430,0851 + 412,066! + 18,079" + 677,115 I -143,370 + 151,000 - 11, 445 | -128,555 + 177,336 + 135,219 + 51,293 - 59,981 + 26, 820 i + 45,174! + 29,862 - 50,458 - 37,237 + 1,038 Portugal and Greece represent the two extremes the former having far above the normal number of females, or 1088 to every 1000 males, and the Litter far above the normal of males, or nearly 1072 to every 1000 females. The following table gives the order of the various countries : Females to 1000 Males. Portugal 1088 AV iirtemberg 1 076 Sweden 1067 Lippe states 1057 Hanse Towns 1056 Bavaria 1053 Mecklenburg 1 052 Baden 1052 Finland 1051 Saxony 1047 Switzerland 1046 Great Britain 1043 Austrian lands 1041 German empire 1037 Anhalt 1037 Norway 1036 Netherlands 1030 For Russia proper the census of 1858 gave 33,655,824 males to 35,275,904 females, or 1000 to 1048. During the present century the industrial development of the more advanced countries has led to a remarkable aggregation of the people into cities, and facilities of travel hive in many cases caused a large part of the city popula tion to take up their residence in suburbs more or less separate from the central nucleus. In the following list of the towns and cities in Europe with more than 100.000 inhabitants it is noticeable that no fewer than twenty-one belong to Britain, and that nine of these are among the thirty, mo>t of which are or have been political capitals, uhose inhabitants exceed 200,000. Females to 1000 Males. Denmark. 1030 Prussia 1029 Russia 1028 Oldenburg 1027 Austria-Hungary 1024 Hesse 1022 Spain 1018 Luxembourg 1011 France 1008 Brunswick 1 OOT Hungarian lands 1002 Belgium 995 Italy 989 Roumania 944 Servia 940 Greece... .. 933 19. Warsaw ! 20. Leeds 21. Budapest (1874), 279.502 (1.S74), 278,798 (1869) 27047(i 4S. Stofce-upon-Trenf... (1871), 130,085 4<i. Genoa (1871), ISo.-jea 22. Milan (1871) 261 985 51. Venice 52 Ghent (1*71), 128,901 23. Sheffield (1874) 261 0->9 24. Rome (1871), 244.4X4 25. Hamburg 26. Lisbon 27. Palermo 28. Turin (H71), 240,251 (1864), 219,o98 (1871), 219.318 (1871) 212 644 54. Toulouse f>5. Portsmouth .. 56. Dundee 57. Nantes 68. Seville (Itf-li, 124,852 (1874), 1L>0,4:; 6 (1871), 119,141 (1*72), 118,517 (1860), 118,298 29. Edinburgh ... 30. Breslau (1874), 211.6yl (1871), 207.997
- 31. Copenhagen...
(1874) 195 000 60. Magdeburg 61. Li^ge (1871), 114,509 (1874) 113 774 32. Bordeaux 33. Barcelona 34. Prague (1872), 194,0.15 (18DO), 189,948 (1869), 186479 6 . . Oldham (1S71). 113,100 35. Bristol (1871), 182,552 36. Dresden (1871), 177 089 65. Saint tienne 66. Brighton 37 Belfast 38. Munich (1871), 174.412 (1871), 169 693 (1874), 109.319 j 39. Florence 40. Bradford (1871), Ki7.(l93 (1871), Ifi. i.OSG 68 Leipsic 69 Leicestei (1871), ](.:.:. .-, 41. Odessa (1873), 162814 42. Lille 43. Stockholm (1872), 158.117 (1873), 147 249 71. Hanover 72 Kishcneff (1871), 104.243 44. Antwerp (1874), 141,910 73 Itouen 45. Bucharest ... (ISfiO). 141.754 74 R ga 46. Newcastle-on-lyne (1874), 135,437 47. Hull (1874) ISO 996 : 75. Adrianojile.... (1874) loo <M o wards Leghoi Maine, .Tassy in niki or Thessalo zic, Aberdeen, 7i, the Hague, Ma- lioumania, Sarra- nica; sixteen have Murcia, Lemberg, There are nine with 90, 000 or U] laga, Stuttgart, Frankfort-on-the- toff, LaValette in Malta, and Salo more than 80,000 Oporto, Dant 1. London Paris .. (1S74) (187) 3.400.700 1 K-M 702 1 > ! ! Manchester .... (1874). (1871) 4SS.407 448.3:!- > 0. Vienna .. (187:;), 070,1100 12. Hinninpliam .... .... (1S74), ."60,802 4 H;rlin .. (1874), OiO.OOO 13. Brussels .... (1874), 345.0] 7 5 St Petcrshurp .... .. (1S71), fioi oon 14. Madrid .... (1870), ."32.024 fi. Moscow .. (1871), fill. 074 15. Lvons .... (1S72). ."23.417 7. Constantinople... .. (IR74), 6HO.OOO 16. Dublin .... (1*74). 314.fifi6 8 Liverpool .. (1874). 51<Mi40
- -
Marseilles .... (1872). "r- .864 9. Glasgow .. (1874). 508,109 IS Amsterdam ....(187.-!), 281,914 Stettin, Roubaix, Barmen, Aix-la-Chapellc, Alto7ia, Briinn, Ferrara, Rheims, Cadiz, Elberfeld, Trieste, Huddersfield, and Szegedin ; j twenty-one are upwards of 60,000 Diisseldorf, Toulon, Plymouth, "Wolverhampton, Chemnitz, Lucca, Geneva, Sarngossa, Granada, Verona, Brest, Padua, Halifax, Devonport, Amiens, Rochdale, Utrecht, Nismes, Versailles, Gothenburg, Nikolaien"; thirty-six between 50,000 and 60,000 Greenock, Brunswick, Montpellier, Tula, Krefeld, Alessandria, Swansea, Zurich, Jlodena, Posen, Maria-Theresiopol, Croydon, Limoges, Carthagena, Mainz, South ampton, Palma, Stockport, Miilhausen, Nancy, Halle, BeidiclietT, Bath, Nice, Jerez de la Frontera, Rennes, Merthyr Tydvil, Essen, Metz, Augsburg, Reggio, Bari, Pisa, Seraievo, Gallipoli, Philippopel. It must of course be kept in mind that lists like the above can only present an approximate view of the facts, first, because the censuses or estimates of the various places are not strictly con temporaneous and do not proceed on the same methods; and, secondly, because the areas to which they apply are deter mined by different considerations in different cases. It is not (infrequently hard to say what ought to be accepted as the limits between town and not-town, whether ancient villages and hamlets to which the city has grown outwards, or the modern suburbs which it has built at short distances, should be included or excluded. With those cities which have kept the characteristics of the walled towns of the medieval period the matter is easily settled, but in most cases the modern city has either got rid of its walls and turned their site into promenades or boulevards, or, retaining them as an interesting historical monument, has overflowed their limits in all available directions. In some very modern instances, such as Elberfeld-Barmen in Prussia, clusters of dwelling-houses and industrial establishments have sprung up sporadicallv along a convenient valley ; and while there are large gaps in what we may call the area of architectural occupation, the various groups have a complete community of social and commercial life. Municipal boundaries give us but little assistance, for these are modified not only by the different municipal systems of the different countries, but also by all kinds of local conveniences, traditions, and rivalries. An enormous increase has taken place since the French Military Revolution, and indeed within a much shorter period, in the size of the military establishments throughout Europe. The rivalries and jealousies of the various nations have led them to vie with each other in the strength of their armies and navies; and as it is impossible to withdrew more than n, certain number of men from productive labour to non-pro ductive drill and display, a strange return, under grcatiy modified conditions, has been made to that earlier state of society in which the army was the whole mass of the male population capable of bearing arms. Universal obligation or liability to personal service as a soldier is recognized by (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Greece. Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Switzerland, and Turkey. In Belgium the army is recruited by conscription, in Russia mainly by- conscription. and in the Netherlands and in Norway and Sweden partly by conscription and partly by voluntary VIII. So
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