Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 9.djvu/801

P fi E - - F R E 705 auxiliary establishments are an anatomical hall and museum and bo anical gardens. The Freiburg minster is con sidered one of the finest of all the Gothic churches of Ger many, being remarkable alike for the symmetry of its pro portions, for the taste of its decorations, and for the fact tint it may mor.- correctly be said to be finished than almost S^ * >^^^V $T*****ZJm faWy-amW L //. Plan of Freiburg in Baden. 1. Hospital 2. Evangelical Church 3. Art Hall. 4. Harracks. 5. St Martin s Church. 6. Franciscan Monastery. 7. Chemical Laboratory. 8. University. Museum 10 Cathedral or Minster. 11. Merchants Hall 12. Archbishop s Palace. 13. Grand -Ducal 1 alac" 14. Theati-e 15. Town Hall. 16. Post Office. 17. liarracks. IS. Town Hospital. 19. Hotteck s Momunen. 20. Convent Gates A Martins Thor; E. Schwaben Thor; C . Brcisachcr Thor. any other building of the kind. The period of its erection probably lies for the most part between 1122 and 1252; bat the choir was not built till 1513. The tower, which rises above the western entrance, is 38G feet in height, and it presents a skilful transition from a square base into an oc tagonal superstructure, which in its turn is surmounted by a pyramidal spire of the most exquisite open work in stone. In the interior of the church are some beautiful stained glass windows, both ancient and modern, the tombstones of several of the dukes of Zahringen, statues of archbishops of Freiburg, and paintings by Holbein and by Hans Balding, lurnamed Griin. Among the other noteworthy buildings of Freiburg are the palaces of the grand duke and the arch bishop, the town hall, the theatre, the Kaufhaus or merchants hall, a 16th-century building with the front painted red, the Protestant church, formerly the church of the abbey of Thennenbach, removed thither in 1839, the hall of art and harmony, and the barracks, erected by the Austrian Govern ment in 1776, and capable of containing 5000 men. The charitable institutions include a foundling hospital, an orphan asylum, a blind asylum, and a military hospital. In the centre of the fishmarket square is a fountain surmounted by a statue of Duke Berthold III. of Zahringen, the founder of the city ; in the Franciskaner Platz there is a monument to Schwarz, the traditional discoverer of gunpowder ; the Ilotteck Platz takes its name from the monument of Rotteck, the historian, which formerly stood on the site of the Schwarz statue ; and in Kaiser Wilhelm Strasse a bronze statue was erected in 1876 to the memory of Herder, who in the early part of the 19th century founded in Freiburg an institute for draughtsmen, engravers, and lithographers, and carried on a famous bookselling business. On the Schlossberg above the town there are massive ruins of two castles which were destroyed by the French in 1744 ; and about two miles to the N.E. stands the castle of Ziihringen. the original seat of the famous family of counts. Situated on the ancient road which runs by the Hollenpass between the valleys of the Danube and the Rhine, Freiburg early acquired commercial importance, and it is still the principal centre of the trade of the Black Forest. It manufactures chicory, chemicals, starch, leather, tobacco, silk thread, paper, and hempen goods, as well as beer and wine. The population is rapidly increasing. In 1864 it numbered 19,085, inclusive of the suburbs of Hcrdern and Wiehre, and in 1875 no less than 30,531. About a sixth of the whole are Protestants. Freiburg was founded, as lias been already stated, by Count Berthold 111. of Zulinngen. In 1120 it became a free town, with privileges similar to those of Cologne ; but in 1219 it fell into the hands of a branch of the family of Urach. After it had vainly attempted to throw off the yoke by force of arms, it obtained its freedom in 1366 for a sum of 20,000 silver marks; but as it wns unable to reimburse the creditors who had advanced the money, it was, in 1368, obliged to recognize the supremacy of the house of Hapsbtirg. In the 17th and 18th centuries it played a considerable part as a fortified town. It was captured by the Swedes in 1032, l(53i, and 1638 ; and in 1644 it was seized by the Bavarians, who shortly after, under General Marcey, defeated in the neighbourhood the French forces under Enghien and Turcnnc. The French were in possession from 1677 to 1697, and again in 1713-14 and 1744 ; and when they left the place in 1748, at the peace of Aix-la- Chapolle, they dismantled the fortifications. The Baden insurgents gained a victory at Freiburg in 1848, and the revolutionary Govern ment took refuge in the town in June 1849, but in the following July the Prussian forces took possession, and did not leave till 1851. See Schreiber, Gcschichte und Bcschrcibvng dcs Miinster zu Frei burg, 1820 and 1825; Geschichte dcr Slctdt uiid Univcrsitat Frci- burys, 1857-59; Dcr Schlossberg bci Freiburg, 1860. FREIBURG, distinguished as Freiburg unter dem Fiirstenstein, a garrison town in the government district of Breslau, Silesia, is situated on the Polsnitz, 35 miles S.W. of Breslau. Its industries include the making of regulator watches, linen weaving, starch manufacture, and distilling. A higher burgher school was erected in 1874. In the neighbourhood are the old and modern castles of the Fiirstenstein family. At Freiburg on July 22, 1762. the Prussians defended themselves successfully against the superior forces of the Austrians. The population of the town in 1875 was 7853. FREIDANK, FKEIGEDANK, or in Middle High German VKIDANC, the name by which a certain German didactic poet of the 13th century is usually known. It has been disputed whether the word, which is equivalent to freethought, is to be regarded as the poet s real family name or only as a pseudonym ; according to Pfeiffer the former is the case. Little is known of Freidank s life. He certainly accom panied Frederick II. on his crusade to the Holy Land, where a portion at least of his work was composed ; and it is said that on his tomb (if indeed it was not the tomb of another Freidank) at Treviso there was inscribed, with allusion to the character of his style, " he always spoke and never sang." "Wilhelm Grimm started the hypothesis that Freidank was to be identified with Walther von der Vogcl- weide ; but it found almost no acceptance from othet German scholars, and was formally refuted by Franz Pfeitfet in his Zur Deulschen Literatur-Geschichte, Stuttgart, 1855. and his Germania, 1857, 2d vol. Freidank s work bears the name of BcscTicidcnhnt, i.e., Ducrctio, Correct Judgment, and consists of a collection of piovcrbs, pithy sayings, moial reflections, and stories arranged under general heads. Its popularity till the end of the 16th century is shown by the great number of MSS. still extant; and Sebastian Brandt published it again and again in modified forms. Wilhelm Grimm s edition of Vridanccs Bcsclieidenhcit appeared at Gcittingen in 1834, and Bczzinberger s at Halle in 1872; the old Latin translation, Fridangi DIM clio, was printed by Lemcke at Stettin, 1868; and there aic two translations into modern German. A. Bacmcister s, Kentlingen, 1861. and Simiock s, Stutlgart, 1867. Cornpaie also H. Paul, Other die Urtprtenglichc AnordiiM>g ton Frcidauk s Leipsic, 1870.