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230 THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE. guished from polytheism by the fact that it is more intoler- ant, makes its followers pusillanimous, and, by its incompre- hensible dogmas, puts their faith to severer tests; while it is on a level with polytheism in that most of its adherents exalt belief in foolish mysteries, fanaticism, and the observ- ance of useless customs above the practice of virtue. The Natural History of Religion, which far outbids the conclusions of the deists by its endeavors to explain religion, not on rational, but on historical and psychological grounds, and to separate it entirely from knowledge by relegating it to the sphere of practice, leaves the possibility of a philo- sophical knowledge of God an open question. The Dia^ logues concerning Natural Religion greatly diminish this hope. The most cogent argument for the intelligence of the world-ground, the teleological argument, is a hypothesis which has grave weaknesses, and one to which many other equally probable hypotheses may be opposed. The finite world, with its defects and abounding misery amid all its order and adaptation, can never yield an inference to an infinite, perfect unit-cause, to an all-powerful, all-wise, and benevolent deity. To this the eleventh section of the Enquiry adds the argument, that it is inadmissible to ascribe to the inferred cause other properties than those which are necessary to explain the observed effect. The tenth section of the same Essay argues that there is no miracle supported by a sufficient number of witnesses credible because of their intelligence and honesty, and free from a preponderance of contradictory experiences and testimony of greater proba- biHty. In short, the reason is neither capable of reaching the existence of God by well-grounded inference nor of comprehending the truth of the Christian religion with its accompanying miracles. That which transcends experience cannot be proven and known, but only believed in. Who- ever is moved by faith to give assent to things which con- tradict all custom and experience, is conscious of a continued miracle in his own person. Hume never denied the existence of God, never directly impugned revelation. His final word is doubt and uncer- tainty. It is certain that his counsel not to follow the leadership of the reason in religious matters, but to submit