NO. 2
��TYPES OF REDUPLICATION IN THE SALISH DIALECTS
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��xkEma'xEn, ARMPIT; pi., xkEmkEma'xEn 1 B. tsi'pwEn, CACHE; pi., tsiptsi'pwEn B.
Sts'os, TATTOOED LINE; pi., stSESts'oS B.
ska'u, HUSBAND'S SISTER; pi., skska'u B. tEme'x, COUNTRY; pi., tEmtEme'x B. rulral, STRONG; pi., rilErilEra'l B. nox, TO RUN; pi., no'xnox B. qoie'lx, TO DANCE; pi., qoiqoie'lx B. la'rxqst, FINGER; pi., laxEla'rxqst HU.
In the following word the reduplication includes the vowel following the second con- sonant:
stsila'ut, TO STAND; pi., stsistsila'ut B.
In other cases the plural-reduplication does not include the sound following the first vowel of the stem:
sq'oa'xt, LEG, FOOT; pi., skuq'oa'xt B.
xio'm, LARGE; pi., xaxio'm B.
tuwe'ut, BOY; pi., tutuwe'ut B.
xa'utEm, GIRL; pi., xuxa'utEm B.
gie'ia, OLD WOMAN; pi., gigie'ia B.
ka'wulx, OLD; pi., kuka'wulx B.
xaxEwa't, ROAD; pi., xaxaxEwa't Hbl.
tii'q", FIRE; pi., titii'q" Hbl.
Lliya", BARK CANOE; pi., Llu-liva" Hbl.
(Compare: Thompson: Liza', pi., LleLlEza" Hbl.)
In the following words the consonant fol- lowing the vowel of the stem does not belong to the stem and is not included in the redupli- cation :
tci'tx", HOUSE; pi., tcitci'tx" Hbl. sitse'nEm, TO SING; pi., sisitse'nEm B. (-tsen= suffix for MOUTH, -Em= verbal suffix)
This restriction of the process of reduplica- tion to the stem does not seem to be a general rule in Shuswap, see for instance:
Llame'n, AXE; pl.,LlEmL!ame'n Hbl. (-men = instrumental suffix)
In some cases the L of the reduplicated syl- lable changes to t in the reduplicating one :
sLx'a'am, OLD MAN; pi., stExLx'a'am B. sL'ax, TO COME; pl.,stELa'x B.
As in Thompson, the diminutive is formed by a reduplication of the first consonant and first vowel of the stem. The type of diminu- tive reduplication with i-shift does not seem to
1 x= prefix; kEm=stem, -axEn= suffix for "arm."
��occur. The accent is thrown back on the re- duplicating syllable, usually causing a reduc- tion of the stem- vowel.
pa'zutqwa, LAKE; dim., pa'pzulqwa Hbl. sqa'lEmux", MAN; dim., sqa'qalEmux" Hbl. no'xEnox, WOMAN; dim., nu'noxEnox Hbl. sqla'pqEn, HEAD; dim., sqla'qlpqEn Hbl. ci'ltslu, MOCCASIN; dim., ci'cltslu Hbl. tci'tx", HOUSE; dim., tci'tctx" Hbl. hau'Ent, RAT; dim., ha'hauunt Hbl.
(Thompson: hau"ut, RAT, dim., ha'hau'ut,
pi., hauhau"ut Hbl.) cxa'nix, STONE; dim., cxa'xEnix Hbl. sq le'txalaqs, BADGER; dim., sqle'qltxalaqs Hbl. la'rxqst, FINGER; dim., le'laxqst Hbl. sqlwa'xt, FOOT; dim., sq!wa'q!xt Hbl. klect, BAD; dim., k!e'k!ct Hbl. la', GOOD; dim., la'l'a Hbl.
(cf: pi., lEla")
sQ'nkum, ISLAND; dim., su'sEnkum B. ptepir'sE, SNAKE; dim., p'.Epli'pli'sE Hbl.
The last form may really be a diminutive- plural. As in Thompson, some diminutives are formed by an internal reduplication, while the corresponding plurals are reduplicated ini- tially:
xala'x 11 ! TOOTH; dim., xala'lux" Hbl. (pi: xalxala'x")
stcEkwi'l, ARROW; dim., stcEkwi'kwEl Hbl. (pi., stcukHcEkwi'l)
xkulta'm, MEADOW; dim., xkulta'tEm B.
In the following words the diminutive (and plural-diminutive) is formed by reduplicating the first consonant of the instrumental suffix -me'n:
sok!Eme"n, KNIFE; dim., suk!Eme"me'n;
pl.-dim., suk!suk!Eme"me'n Hbl. Llame'n, AXE; dim., Llame'mEn;
pl.-dim., LlEmLjEme'mEn Hbl.
Some diminutives are formed by a process of end-reduplication :
tslila' 1 , BASKET; dim.,ts!ilaTa Hbl. klolte", QUIVER; dim., kiolte'te'E Hbl.
Probably the following is formed in the same way:
Lily a", BARK CANOE; dim., L!iye"a Hbl. (Compare with this Thompson: Liza', dim., Llzai' or Llza'za'; the latter, however, is used less frequently)
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