NO. 2
��TYPES OF REDUPLICATION IN THE SALISH DIALECTS
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��Plural:
stn, TREE; pi., stntn mE'na, CHII.D; pi., mame'nts
Diminutive:
x'nas, WOMAN; x'ix-na's, GIRL
(the plural of x'nas is formed by means of a suffix:
x-na'cuks= WOMEN, cf: Boas: BAAS 1890, p. 679) qe'qte, CHILD
imi'lk-, MAN; imilimi'lk', BOY (imilkuks= MEN)
imilimi'lk- is the only diminutive form that I can cite from any Salish dialect in which the reduplication includes the consonant follow- ing the stem-vowel. This type of reduplica- tion is always characteristic of the plural.
��TILLAMOOK
Our material on the reduplications of this dialect is equally meager.
Plural:
t'ane', EAR; pi., t'Ent'a'ne
Attention is called to the fact that in this word the reduplication includes part of the suffix, -(a)ne = EAR.
Diminutive:
sna'win, HOUSE; dim., snonena'wun gaa'kaL, BOY; dim., gogaa'kaL hanE'luin, ARM; dim., hohanE'Iuin sqaga'yin, FOX; dim., sqoqaga'yin goqa'nis, A YOUNG WHALE toteyi'lho, A LITTLE MAN stote'wat, SLAVE (ste'wat= MAN)
These few examples seem to indicate a di- minutive reduplication with a shift of the vowel to o.
CONCLUSIONS
It appears from the above presentation of material, that there are wide gaps in our knowledge of the processes of reduplication in the Salishan dialects. From a considerable number of dialects we have no material at all.
��It is especially regrettable that this is the case with Nootsak, Twana, and Squamish, since these show a number of linguistic peculiarities. In spite of these deficiencies, however, a com- parison of our material brings out a number of important points which I shall try to sum- marize in the following remarks.
The most general observation is that ap- parently all Salish dialects make use of the process of reduplication with the exception of Quinault. It must, however, be mentioned that we have no material on reduplications from Satsep, Upper Chehalis, Lower Chehalis, and Cowlitz. As these, especially Lower Che- halis, are the dialects which are most closely related to Quinault, it will be of interest to know whether they too are without the grammatical process in question. In regard to the presence of reduplications the Salish stock must be grouped together with Chemakum, Waka- shan, and Tsimshian, as belongs to the great continuous area in which this process occurs, and must be contrasted against the area of the Haida, Tlingit, and Athapascan, in which it is absent.
Reduplication is used in Salish pre-emi- nently for the formation of distributive-plurals and of diminutives and presumably also of augmentatives. 1 It is often closely asso-
1 In the numerals reduplication of different types is used to express ideas distinct from those of the dis- tributive and diminutive. Thus in Thompson (see Boas: BAAS 1898, p. 29-30) there are two reduplicated series of the cardinals, one for animals, the other for persons. Compare for instance: mus, FOUR (inanimate)
mo'ms, FOUR ANIMALS
mu'smust, FOUR PERSONS
Distributive numerals are also formed by means of reduplication. The animate and personal series of the distributives have a triple reduplication. Compare: moamo'ms (animate), musmu'smust (personal.) See also Lower Fraser: H.T.: BAAS, 1902, pp. 29-30.
In the Salish dialects there are furthermore a number of singulars that are reduplicated. For example: Lower Fraser: la'tem, HOUSE (H.T.); Snohomish: xebxeb, HAWK (Hbl.); Shuswap: no'xEnox, WOMAN (Hbl.).
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