an interest representing small states; and lastly, the Senate constitutes no 'portion of the sovereignty of the United
States. As the House of Lords would be partial to judges
who had sacrificed the publick interest, to the interest of
the noble order; so the Senate would be partial to those who
had sacrificed the popular interest, to the interest of the
state governments. So far the insufficiency of impeachment to secure responsibility to. the publick interest, is equal; but the four other objections to the Senate, render the insufficiency of judicial responsibility by impeachment, greater in the United States than in England, where experience disclosed the necessity of an additional responsibility to the whole sovereignty. There is very little difference
between making judges responsible to the functionary who
nominates or who approves. They form in union the executive
power which appoints. They never thought in England of
trusting to an impeachment before the king, for judicial
independence and integrity. In England, the effort has
been to prevent judges from being responsible to the power
appointing them; here, to make them so. Against executive influence over the upper judicial branch, we have only the security of impeachment before a section of executive power; and against the same influence over the lower judicial branch, we have no security at all. The expression, " reserved to the states or to the people," implies the
dual nature of the general government, and each portion
ought to possess some security over judicial power for the
preservation of its reservations. The latter has none. The
former, one mingled with executive influence, party spirit,
and a remediless contumacy of individuals for six years.
The inefficacy of impeachment from its own nature, to produce the contemplated responsibility, has not been staled. In all political cases, it is guided by party, faction, revenge or prejudice. Sentences flowing from these sources, are neither sustained by publick respect, nor calculated to produce judicial integrity. Judges, to escape the vengeance of impeachment, must appease the passions which inflict it. is
