either of these forms is artificial; it could not be natural of
generical, and an invention of one form by the human intellect, is no proof that it is unable to invent another. The terms
monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, convey adequate
ideas of particular forms of government, but they are insufficient for the purpose of disclosing a government which
will certainly be free and moderate, since the effects of each
depend on the administration of wise and good, or of weak
and wicked men: and all are therefore founded in the same
principle, however differing in form. This both suggests a
doubt of the soundness of the ancient analysis, and a solution of the phenomenon "that all these natural or generical forms of government should produce bad effects." The effects of these three forms are bad, because they are all founded on one principle, namely, an irresponsible undivided
power; and that principle is bad. We want an analysis, distinguishing governments in point of substance, and not limited to form.
The moral qualities of human nature are good and evil. An analysis founded in this truth, however general, can alone ascertain the true character, and foretell the effects of any form of government, or of any social measure. Every such form and measure must have a tendency to excite the good or the evil moral qualities of man; and according to its source, so will be its tendency with moral certainty.
The strongest moral propensity of man, is to do good to himself. This begets a propensity to do evil to others, for the sake of doing good to himself. A sovereignty of the people, or self-government, is suggested by the first moral propensity; responsibility, division, and an exclusion of monarchy and autocracy, by the second.
Self love, being the strongest motive to do evil to others, as well as good to ourselves, will operate as forcibly to excite an individual or a friction to injure a nation for advancing self good, as to excite a nation to preserve its own happiness. Therefore, whilst national self government, is founded in the strongest moral quality for pro-
