principles. At length, all philosophers, politicians and
learned men have been taught by experience to unite in one
opinion. They universally agree, that monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, acting separately, will produce evil
to nations ; they agree, that any two will operate oppressively; and they also agree that the three, however blended,
excluding the modern idea of representation, will also operate oppressively. Is it then possible, that the ancient analysis of political systems, which separately or coinbined, presented only a form of government now universally acknowledged to be bad, could have been correct?
From a belief that a political analysis does exist, capable of arranging all forms of government into two classes; one rooted in good, and the other in evil moral qualities; and that monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, singly or united, belong to the latter class: the idea has been brought before the reader preparatory to arguments designed to prove, that the civil policy of the United States must be assigned to the first class; that it is of course at enmity with Mr. Adams's mixture of monarchy, aristocracy and representation; but that certain of its details and laws, are at enmity with its essential principles, for want of some distinct analysis as a test to ascertain their nature and effects. A position contended for is, "that political temptations, which propel to vice, are founded in evil moral principles."
The reader is solicited for the last time, to keep in mind, that in this essay, the term "democracy" means "a government administered by the people," and not the right of the people to institute a government, nor the responsibility of magistrates to the people." The contrast of the ancient analysis between its three forms of government, is imperfect unless democracy is thus understood, since the two terms opposed to it, are used to specify governments, as numerically administered. Monarchy and aristocracy mean, governments administered by one or a few, and not a right in one or a few to institute a government, and make it
