ADMON court
—
B.
GADDAI
jiiil^ci-s ill .Icriisjilcin
tlie olliers liciiijr
Haxa.n
< )nc of three police mciilioneil in the Tiihmid ii. Aiiisii.vi.oM (l.Iaiiaii the
Xahim thk
AltoL'ether MKni.vN. there were nearly four luindrefl such jikIltcs in Jerusalem: but only ihe most prominent anionic them are mentionecl by name, and of these Admon is the chief. These judu-es formed an exception to the rule forbiddin;; judf;es to receive remuneration {.Mishnah Hek. iv. (i), their sjUaries lieinjr Jiaid from tlu' funds of the Each of them was allowed aiinuTi'Miple treasury. ully ninety nine iiiauah (see Coins); but where family circiimstanees riMpiired it the judge was allowed to draw a larger amount (Ket. lorx;). At what jiarticular age they (lourislicd can not be ascertained with precision; tint fnim the fact that Itobban .lohanan b. Zakkaiand l{;iblian (Jamaliel expressly siinction some of Admon's and llanan's decisions (Ket xiii. 1 -il) it nece.s.sarilv follows that their terms of office preceded S. xM. the fall of Jerusidein. Egyptiiiii)
aii(i
of Ilananiah, a reak
(]irince of thecaiitivity),
whotlonrishedaboit
700. It is interesting as exhibiting the Persian form of a Semitic name, which is none other than tlie familiar I(hi, or Ada (Adda), known from Jewish and I'alniyrene sources, to which has been added the Persian sufli.x oi, as a term of endearment. BlBLIociRAPiiY
Lazarus, In N. BrOll's JiilirhUchcr, 1800, x.
171. 1,.
ADOLESCENTOLI, DEGLI,
or
DEI,
G.
FAN-
and
information." the success of his
in cfillecting
work and the kind Archdeacon Coxe, Adolpluis was brought into contact with Addington, the ])rime minister, who engaged him for political work which included pamIn 1803 he publ>hletec'ring and electioneering. lished a "llislory of France from 1790 to Ihe Abortive Peace of Amiens," and a pamphlet, " Uetlcctions on the Causes of the Present Ku])ture with France." Shortly afterward Adolphus resolved to return to Through
offices of
He entered himself at the Inner Temple in 1803, and was called to the bar in 1807. He took up criminal law as a specialty, and became one of the leading members of the p^nglish the i)rofes.sion of law.
Among
bar. his more notaWe forensic successes is his ingenious defen.se of Thistlewood and Ihe other Call) street conspirators in 1820. His legal career
now lirmly established, he again devoted a part of his lime to literature, and published "The Political State of the English Empire" (four volumes, 1S18), "Observations on the Vagrant Act" (1824), and " Memoirs of John Bannister " (1839). Bannister was a comedian with whom he was intimately ac(luainled. In 1840 he resolved to continue his " Hislory of England," and reissued the first volume, which had gone through four editions. By 1845 he had issued sevc'u volumes, and was at work on the eighth when he died. Apart from these elaborate works, he wrote several essays for the " British Critic " and he "Annual Register." Bini.ioiiRAPnv Gentlemen's Magazine, IHii; Diet, of NaI
CIULLI
(D'lVJn)- One i.r Ihe I'liur or live iiolih' families which, .•iccordiiiglo li'geiiil, were transported by Titus (TO-Xl) from Jerusalem to Kome. The history of this family, however, can only be traced to the fourteenth century. In the fifteenth century A notable reprethe family seat was at Bologna. sentative of this family was Mosks hi;n Juhaii In the fourleenth and tifteenth centuries N.m;aki. there were in Spain and in southern France families named Dels Infan/, and Dils Fils, disliiiguislii<l for Il is probable that they were wealth and learning. connected with the Italian family Degli Adolescen-
tiunul liidoraphii, s.v.
M. B.
ADOMIM BEN TAMIM. Tamim ADONAI (T?! literally "my
See
Dcnash ben
Lord." the plural "): This word occurs in the Masoretic text 31.5 times by the (310 times jireceding side of the Tetnigram and live times succeeding it) and 134 times without Originally an ajipellalion of God, the word beit. came a delinile title, and when the Tetragram became too holy for utterance Adonai was subsliluted for reit, so that, as a rule, the name wrillen ceives the points of Adonai and is read Adonai, except in cases where Adonai precedes or succeeds it in The vowel-signs the text, when it is read Elohim. c, o. (I. given to the Tetnigrammaton in Ihe wrillen text, therefore, indicate this pronunciation, Aedonai. while Ihe form Jehovah, introduced by a Christian wrileraliout 1520. rests on a niisunderslanding. The ,
form
I
if
.ilon, that is,
"Lord "or "Lordship
YHWH
YHWH
toli.
Rli'Rer, (Icseh. d. Juilen in Hum, pp. 24, 2!lll, 444; .Seutauer, In Xunz's JuheUchrift, p. 13SI; Zunz, in Kcrein Ikmed, V. 132.
Bini.IocRAPMY: Vngplstcln ami
M. R.
ADOLPHTJS, SIR JOHN
English lawyer, historical and polilical wrilir. Imrn at I,(ind(in in ITtW; His gmndfalher. a Jew of died there July Ki, |s|."). (iermaii cxtraclion. was physician in ordinary to Frederick Ihe (iicat of Prussia, and wrote a French romance, "llistoire des Diables Modernes." Adol)ihus' father was not in easy ciniimslances, and only through the liberality of an uncle was Adolpluis enabled to live in London. To this relative he owed his education, as will as his imleiiturc to an altorncv in ITWi. (•urompleiing his arlicli s in IT'.HI he was (inly admitted to the bar. In 17113 Adolpluis marrie<l a Miss Leyccsler. of While Place. 15crkshiri,"a lady of good family and small forlune." For several years lu' continued to negle<'t law for literature. At first he ns,sisted Archdeacon Coxe with his " Memoirs of Sir Hobert Walpole." and then ]niblislicd his own " "Biographical Mi'inoirs of the Flinch Hevohilion (ITillli; "The British Cabinel. conlaining I'orlnulsof lllnslrious Personages, with Biographical Memoirs." and "History of Fngland fnim the Acces.sion of (teorge 111 to Ihe Concbision of Peace in 17S:i" (ISO.).
erable learning and independent research, and was cf>mmcnded by the " Edinburgh Ueview " (1802, No. 2) "for its perfect impartiality in narrating events
being
ADMONI. See TiUFVB. ADOI Name of the father ffiilnlii
Admissions in Evidence Adonai
THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
201
The
lastinenliniied
work
i
liibils consid-
Iranslalion of YlIWll by the wonl Li^rd in the King James's and in other versions is due to the traditional reading of the Tetragranunalon as Adonai, and this can be traced to the oldest translation of Ihe Bible, the Septuagint. About the pronunciation of " Ihe Shem haMeforash, the " dislinclivi' niuiie YHWH, there is no authentic information. In the
early jieriod of the Se<-ond Temple Ihe Name wa.s slill in common use, as may be learned from such proper names as Jehohanan, or from lilurgical formulas, such as Halelu-Yah. At the Pronun- I>eginning of Ihe Hellenistic era, liowever, the use of the Name was reserved ciation. From Sifre to Num. for Ihe Temple. vi. 27. Mishnah Tamid, vii. 2, and Sotali, vii. fl it appears that Ihe priests were allowed to pronounce Ihe Name at the benediction only in the Temple; ilsewhere hey were obliged to use the appellative I
name to
it
(<'»" ly.v) ".donai." Philo, too. in referring says (" Life of Mosi's," iii. 1 n "The four letters
