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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA
647
Anti-Semitism
^Iiriinovk-/ iiiado a motion, January, 1883, to liavc Ilic 'l";ilrini(l Iraiislutcil uikUt the supervision of the
Jews
governiMcnI.
in
Tlie elections to the Heiehsiatli of 1884 broujjhl several anti-Seinitie candiilati-s into the ]iolitieal arena. Even in Vienna, liitlierto a strongliold of IJheralism, one eandidate. Fattai, presented himself to the electors on the hasis of an anti-Semilie platform, but he was defeated.. The inunicijiid eouneil demonstrated its liberalism throu^di a conjfralulatory message sent lo Sir .bises .Nbpiiletiore upon liis liimdredth birthday (Oct. ~'4. ISS-l). lint AnilSemilisrn made conslani proijress; and in 18U1 th(' elect i< ins to the Ueichsratli brou^rht thirteen anti-Semitic members, who were divided into three f;rou]is, the Ultra-Xalionals, with Schi'merer at Iiiechtenheir head, who were in favor of anstein ne.ation of the (ierman jiart of Austria lo(!ermany; the Loyal Auslrians, led and Lueger. by I'allai; and the Cliricals, under I'lince l.icchlenstein and .Schneider. Similarly, the provincial Diets, espe<-ially that of Lower Austria, showi'd an incrtased number of antiSemitic mendiers. The debates in these bodies, the speeches in iiublic meetinirs, the pamphlets and newspapers indul^'cil in laui^uaire which brealhed a violence perhaps oidy e(|Uale(i in Ihe literature of the Jacobins during the Frencli Kevolulion. .Schneider, Lower Austria, said that the govern ill the Dicl of mciit shiiuld olTci a premium for the sliootiiii; of Jews similar lo that olTered for shoolin.!; wolves. Lueircr, who was Ihe leader of the Clerical anIi-Semites, admonished the various fact ions of his followers to amalftamale, sayinj; that it was not worth while to (luarrel
said: " Let us be ylad thai these Iheories, so interesting' for Ihe historian and Ihe ethnojrrapher, have no |)faelical meaniiii; in Fiance." In the sjiine year the essayist Victor Cherbulie/. in speaking of the ciai-
I
over such minoriletailsas lo whether the Jews should be hanired ir beheaded, (ircuori^' said in Ihe Dicl of liowcr Austria, "These are nol human beings; llicy are Jews," and I'jiward Suess. Ihe famous i;-eoloL'isl. I
ill the jjcichsnith. was prompled to the remark, April, 1.'^!I4: "What has been spoki'ii, written, and done airainsi the Jewish peojilc during Ihe last few years has been in llairrant violation not only of our Conslitiitinn. but of the principles of hu-
and Liberal leader
man jusliceand
Christianity."
The worst pari of Ihe drama, which has not yet come III an end. bciian u hen Ihe anti-Semites in 18!l."i a majorily lo the munici]ial council of Vienna, and
suiceedcd
The Polna
ill
eleclinif
when
Lue;rer, after the ;.'overnment lo eonlirm him, was made biirL'omasler in IM'.lT. The eleclions to Ihe Hi'ichsmlh of lis'.lT. which were held on Ihe basis of a new law eiilari;ini; Ihe franchise, briniirht losses lo Ihe Liberals and iraiiis lo Ihe ami Semilis of the diU'ereiil shades, notably to the Chrisllan Socialists. AfiFair.
had twice refused
The weakness
<d'
the f;overnmenl. manifesled in the
fre<|Ui'nt elmn);es of ministries, en<oura(.'e(l Ihe liir
and riots ajfainst the Jews occurred, those at I'niirue, Dc'ciniber, IHitT: .achiKLApril, |M!I!I. andlldlleschaii.tlilobcr, l.'<!l!t, wire very serious ones, resiillintr in bloodshed. The iniir der of .s;nes llru/a in I'nlnii. Itoheluia. March ,'!(, Tin- clmrL'enf ritual IHjIil, <aiisi'il ;;real eeilemenl. murder was revived anil a .lew named Ilhlsner was IlUlsner was indicted and fniind u'uilly by a jury. retried and a;.'ain found K"i".V Nov. 14, U'lHI (see buleiil elemenl.
amon^which
I'oi.N.v .kk.viii).
wiisasseiiiiiL' itself
Public seiilimenl with regard lo ihe .lews had indeed under;,'one a When he j;real ehanire sini e Ihe dealli of CremieUX. iljed, Ihe Kiencli Chaiuberof Depulies. by :t44 voles lo 111. passed a lesdluliun (Feb. 'J. IH.'SOi ti< have him liiirled
111
Ihe public expense.
diliiins in (Jerniany sjud
culty
France
In a U'cliire "(>n Ihe
"We
experience some
dilli-
reali/ini: thai there is a Jewish ipieslioii in (ieriuany that lhisi|iieslion sliouhl excite the soiiiidesl minds, and should furnish material for ill
in
virulent polemics.
France,
Thank heaven,
I
here are plenty of
thinirs .sellled forever in France, as to w hieli one would Iry in vain to reopen
diseiission"(G. Valbert. iiseuilonvni for et ( 'hoses dii Teiups Present," The publicalioii of ftdmiard Drii11. Til, Paris, 188:i). monl's book, "Iji Fraiii-e Juive " (|SS(i|. proved the falsity of all Ihis. Hut Ihe chanu'c in juiblic opinion was not so siirprisini,' as il may al (irsi sitrhl seem. The Kepubliean parly always coiisiiUred Clericalism its enemy. Gambettii, who had coined the battlecry. "Le cleriealisine, voilii rennemi," led a cru.sade ajiaiiist Ihe Catholic Church. While he was unsueeessful in his atteinpl lo carry an ameiidmeiil to the school law of I.HSO, which would have forbidden
Cherbuliez: " Homines
to eiiijcairc in ediieatioiial work, hi- and his friends were neverlhcless able lo pass a law which ordered Ihe cx|iiilsiiiii of cerlain monaslicdrders. This law, by which -111 monasleries were closed and 4,:j.">IJ .lesiiils
monks and nuns were rendered homeless, ereali'd a great deal of bitterness against the doniiiianl party of freethinkers. The school hiws of 1881 ordering gratuitous tuition were a blow against the schools maintained by Ihe friars. The freelhinkers wei<' ilenoiiiiced as. lews in disguise. In ISS] a weekly pajier, called " LWnti-.Ii IF," was foundi'd in Paris. When Haroii Holhschild clolhed poor school-children his act was denounced as thai of a Jewish propaganda. The agitation in favor of a bill permiiling divorce, which the Code Napoleon had prohibiled, created great eoinmolicai within Ihe ninksof the Church, and was used as a weapon against the Jews, because the chief agilalor for il. Naquel, was a Jew. Hishop Fieppel of Orleans called Ihe bill in the chamber a "Seiiiilie
law
"
(August.
1SS4|.
The
eleclions of 18S."> nearly brought a majority of >Ioiiarchists into tlu' Cliamber. This parly had seized Ihe opporluility to dcnoiiiice Ihe perseenliiig spirit of alheism. A riot in ChaleauA'illaine. w here Ihe prefecl had ordered the closing of a chapel in a manufaclory. was made the subjeci of an inlcrpellalion in Ihe Chamber (April II!. Is.'S(i), und during Ihis healed disciissiiin Drunionl's bonk. "La Fnince Juive. "already relcrnd lo, was published. The plienoinenal success of the book sliowid that the gri'at ma.s.ses of the populalioii shared the Drumont's view of the author; namely, that the " La France .lews were the cause of all ihe niisfornines (hat had befallen Fnince. Juive. F. Hruneliere. edilor of Ihe " Kevue ties Deux Mondcs," himsi'lf. as he confisses, nol prejudlceil ill favorof Ihe .lews, sums up Drumi'iil's binik as follows: "If the Fniliie of M. Crevy, as evervboily will admit, does nol resemble hat of Louis XI .. and still liss ihal of Si. Louis. Ihe fault, or nilher Ihe crime, lies w illi he. lews. They areas guilty for what Ihey have ilone as for wliiil liny hai- lefi undone." Hruneliere accuses DrilliKHit of" being bliiiilid by liaIreil " anil speaks nf his "senini- audace de fiinalisine"i"|{eviied.sDeux .Mondcs." ISSIl. pp T.">, llli;l). Oilier biKiks by Driiinonl followed in nipid succession; and his paper, "La Libri' Parole," si«in beeiiiiu? a Very intlucutiul uud wiilely read journal. I
I
meantime Anti Semilisni with Kri'at vehemence in Fninee In the
Race and as a Ui liiiion," delivered .Tan. 27, by Frnesi Heiiaii, who had been instrumental popidari/iuir the ethnical theory of Semitism, he as a
]n>*'4.
